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122 The Trees <strong>of</strong> Great Britain and Ireland<br />
peculiar magnesian limestone formation, which decomposes into a red loamy soil, on<br />
which yews grow very freely, though <strong>the</strong>y do not attain anything like <strong>the</strong> size that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y do in <strong>the</strong> south <strong>of</strong> England. The largest which 1 measured was only 8 feet in<br />
girth. What makes <strong>the</strong>m so picturesque is <strong>the</strong> way in which <strong>the</strong>ir roots spread over<br />
<strong>the</strong> bare rocks, and <strong>the</strong> mixture <strong>of</strong> curiously gnarled wych elms which accompany<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. All <strong>the</strong> foot-bridges are here made <strong>of</strong> yew wood, but it is not cut except for<br />
home use, and is not increasing by seed again, I think, on account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rabbits.<br />
There is a remarkably fine yew walk at Ha<strong>the</strong>rop Castle, Gloucestershire, <strong>the</strong><br />
seat <strong>of</strong> G. Bazley, Esq., which is supposed to be about 300 years old, in which<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>trees</strong> average about 60 feet in height with a girth <strong>of</strong> 9 to 12 feet.<br />
The yew in Harlington Churchyard, near Hounslow, Middlesex, was considered<br />
by Kirchner (loc. cit. 66) to be <strong>the</strong> tallest yew tree in Europe, viz., 17.4 metres<br />
(57 feet). Lowe, page 85, gives <strong>the</strong> height in 1895 as 80 feet, on <strong>the</strong> authority <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Rev. E. J. Haddon. Henry saw this yew in October 1895, and measured <strong>the</strong><br />
height as 50 feet only, and this is correct, within a margin <strong>of</strong> error <strong>of</strong> less than<br />
2 feet. This tree is 17 feet 3 inches in girth at <strong>the</strong> base, where <strong>the</strong> bole is<br />
narrowest; above this it swells and is very gnarled, and at 10 feet up it divides<br />
into two <strong>great</strong> limbs.<br />
A celebrated yew stands in <strong>the</strong> churchyard at Crowhurst, in Surrey, and has<br />
been described by Lowe (p. 201) and figured by Clay ton. 1<br />
Crowhurst, in Sussex, has ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>great</strong> old tree <strong>of</strong> which much has been<br />
written, and which Low figures (p. 38).<br />
One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> finest yews in England is <strong>the</strong> Darley yew, growing in <strong>the</strong> church<br />
yard at Darley Dale, Derbyshire. From a work on Derbyshire Churches, by <strong>the</strong><br />
Rev. J. C. Cox, M.A., which has been sent me by Messrs. Smith, <strong>the</strong> well-known<br />
nurserymen <strong>of</strong> Darley Dale, I abridge <strong>the</strong> following particulars <strong>of</strong> it: The<br />
churchyard is celebrated for what is claimed to be <strong>the</strong> finest existing yew tree<br />
in England, or even in <strong>the</strong> United Kingdom. Rhodes, writing <strong>of</strong> it in 1817, says<br />
that <strong>the</strong> trunk for about 4 yards from <strong>the</strong> ground measures upwards <strong>of</strong> 34 feet in<br />
girth; but Lowe gives (p. 207) measurements taken by four different persons<br />
between 1836 and 1888, <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> largest is 34 feet 6 inches by Mr. Smith in<br />
1879, and <strong>the</strong> most recent and exact by Mr. Paget Bowman in 1888, which gives<br />
32 feet 3 inches at 4 feet from <strong>the</strong> ground. This gentleman cut from it with a<br />
trephine nine cylinders <strong>of</strong> wood on one horizontal line which show 33 to 66 rings<br />
per inch <strong>of</strong> radius, showing an average growth <strong>of</strong> an inch in 46 years. There is a<br />
cavity in <strong>the</strong> tree about half-way up one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> trunks which will hold seven or eight<br />
men standing upright. At <strong>the</strong> ground <strong>the</strong> girth is 27 feet, and at this point no<br />
increase has taken place for 52 years. The height is not given, but a photograph<br />
by Mr. Statham shows it as about 50 feet.<br />
I have chosen <strong>the</strong> tree at Tisbury for illustration as a specimen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> church<br />
yard yew, for though figured by Lowe, his plate gives a poor idea <strong>of</strong> its symmetry,<br />
and it is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> largest healthy yews in England. Though difficult to measure<br />
on account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> young spray which its trunk throws out, I made it in 1903 to be<br />
1 Trans. Bot. Sac. Edititurgh, 1 903, p. 408,<br />
Taxus 123<br />
about 45 feet high by 35 in girth. The trunk is hollow, and has inside it a good-<br />
sized younger stem, probably formed by a root descending inside <strong>the</strong> hollow trunk<br />
from one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> limbs. It is a female tree, and <strong>of</strong> its age it is impossible to form a<br />
correct estimate. (Plate 35.)<br />
At Kyre Park, Worcestershire, <strong>the</strong> residence <strong>of</strong> Mrs. Baldwyn Childe, is a very<br />
fine yew tree growing near <strong>the</strong> wonderful grove <strong>of</strong> oaks which I have described<br />
elsewhere; it measures 55 feet high by 20 in girth. Under it <strong>the</strong> Court Leet <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Manor was formerly held.<br />
The most widespreading yew I have seen is a tree at Whittinghame, <strong>the</strong><br />
seat <strong>of</strong> Mr. Arthur Balfour, which I measured in February 1905. It grows<br />
near <strong>the</strong> old tower, formerly <strong>the</strong> property <strong>of</strong> Sir Archibald Douglas, one <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> conspirators <strong>of</strong> Darnley's murder, and, according to a local tradition, this<br />
was plotted under its shade. The tree is not remarkable for height or girth,<br />
<strong>the</strong> bole being only about 12 feet high and loj feet in girth, but spreads out<br />
into an immense drooping head, <strong>the</strong> branches descending to <strong>the</strong> ground and<br />
forming a complete circular cage or bower about 10 yards in diameter, inside<br />
which, Mr. Garrett, <strong>the</strong> gardener, told me that 300 school children had stood at<br />
once. The branches lie on <strong>the</strong> ground without rooting, so far as I could see, and<br />
spread so widely that I made <strong>the</strong> total circumference about no paces. Mr. Garrett,<br />
with a tape, made it 125 yards. The appearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tree from outside is fairly<br />
well shown in Plate 36.<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r tree <strong>of</strong> this character, but not so large, grows at Crom Castle, on<br />
upper Lough Erne, and is described in <strong>the</strong> Ulster Journal <strong>of</strong> Archeology by Lord<br />
Erne. 1 It is said to resemble an enormous green mushroom in contour, and has<br />
evidently been a trained tree, its horizontal branches being supported on timber<br />
supports upheld by about 60 stout props. Its total height is given as 25 feet,<br />
with a bole <strong>of</strong> 6 feet and a girth <strong>of</strong> 12 feet, <strong>the</strong> branches being 250 feet in<br />
circumference.<br />
Yew <strong>trees</strong> in a wild state do not, as a rule, grow so large as those which are<br />
planted, probably because <strong>the</strong>y are usually in poor rocky soil and crowded by o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
<strong>trees</strong>; but Lord Moreton tells me <strong>of</strong> a remarkably fine one which was shown him<br />
by Mr. Roderick Mackenzie, son <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> owner <strong>of</strong> Fawley Court, in a wood on <strong>the</strong><br />
Greenlands property on <strong>the</strong> Chiltern Hills. He described <strong>the</strong> tree as <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most<br />
symmetrical growth, and he guessed it to be nearer 70 feet than 60 feet high, with a<br />
girth <strong>of</strong> about 12 feet.<br />
YEW HEDGES AND TOPIARY WORK<br />
The yew, owing to <strong>the</strong> readiness with which it submits to pruning, forms an<br />
admirable hedge, and an excellent account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conditions necessary to success in<br />
<strong>the</strong> making and keeping up <strong>of</strong> yew hedges is given by Mr. J. Clark in recent issues<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Garden? to which we refer our readers.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> oldest and finest yew hedges in Great Britain is that at Wrest Park, 8<br />
1 Cf. Loudon, loc. cit. 2081. 2 Garden, 1 905, Ixui. 54 and 136. 3 Card. Chron. 1 900, xxvii. 375.