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82 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PICEA BREWERIANA, BREWER'S SPRUCE Picea Breweriana, Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. xx. 3 78 (1885); Sargent, in Gardeners? Chronicle, xxv. 498, f. 93 (1886), and Silva JV. America, xii. 51, t. 601 (1898); Kent in Veitch's Man. Conifera, 430 (1900). A tree, attaining 100-120 feet in height, with a stem 2 to 3 feet in diameter above its enlarged base. Branches crowded to the ground, with slender, pendulous branchlets, which are often 7 to 8 feet in length and sparsely covered in their first and second seasons with greyish pubescence. Pulvini long and slender, directed forwards. Leaves often nearly an inch long, rounded on both surfaces, the dorsal surface keeled and bearing 10 to 12 rows of stomata, the ventral surface dark green, shining with a prominent midrib, apex obtuse or short pointed. The leaves, on account of the shoots being pendulous, are radially arranged (never pseudo-distichous), their apices pointing outwards and downwards. Cones on short stalks (^ inch), oblong-cylindrical, gradually narrowed from the middle to each end, 2^ to 5 inches long by f to i inch wide ; scales broadly obovate with entire rounded margins ; bracts minute, concealed, oblong, with denticulate upper margin. Seed with long wing (three times the length of the seed itself). The cones are pendent, greenish, or purplish green when fully grown, becoming dull brown when ripe, and open to let out the seed in autumn, but generally remain on the branches till the winter of the following year. (A. H.) This tree has a more limited range than any other spruce, being confined, so far as we know at present, to a few stations in northern California and south western Oregon, on the Siskiyou Mountains, where it was discovered at an elevation of about 7000 feet, in June 1884, by Mr. Thomas Howell, who directed me to the best place from which the locality can be approached, a settlement called Waldo, about 40 miles west of Grant's Pass station, on the Southern Pacific Railway. I went to this station in August 1904 with the intention of visiting Waldo; but finding that Messrs. Jack and Rehder, of the Arnold Arboretum, had just returned, and hearing from them that there were no cones on the trees in that year, I did not feel inclined to spend three days on the trip. I am, however, much indebted to these able botanists for the following information, and especially to Mr. Rehder for a beautiful negative of the tree, which is here reproduced. (Plate 29.) There seems to be only a small grove of the trees about 20 miles south of Waldo, over the Californian boundary, which is best reached by following the trail to Happy Camp, and turning west near the summit of the pass to a place called Big Meadows, which is four miles from the pass. There is another place where it grows near Selma, which is more accessible Picea than Big Meadows, and other localities are mentioned by Sargent, who says that Professor Brewer, after whom the tree was named, had previously, in 1863, found a tree which was probably the same species, on Black Butte to the north of Strawberry Valley, at the western base of Mount Shasta, where, however, it cannot now be rediscovered. Another locality for Brewer's spruce was found in 1898, by Mr. F. Anderson, on an unnamed but conspicuous peak at the headwaters of Elk Creek, about two or three miles west of Marble Mountain and eighty miles west of Mount Shasta. The elevation of the peak is about 8000 feet, and several hundred specimens were found growing near the summit; the trunks were 16 to 20 inches in diameter at 3 feet from the ground, and there were plenty of cones on the tops of the trees which were about 80 feet high. 1 It grows on the Siskiyous in company with Pinus ponderosa, P. Lambertiana, and P. monticola, but usually gregariously in groves by itself. The soil and climate are dry, but there seems to be no special reason why this tree has proved in the eastern States of North America so difficult to cultivate; and as some of the conifers of the Pacific Coast which will not grow, or are not hardy in the eastern States, as, for instance, Abies bracteata and Picea sitchensis, thrive in England, and the trees with which it is associated in America are hardy and produce good seed here, we need not despair of seeing this beautiful tree established in the south of England. The late Mr. R. Douglas, of Waukegan, 111., visited Oregon in 1891 on purpose to obtain the seeds, and collected a large quantity of cones, from which several hundred thousand seedlings were grown. But those sown in America perished in their first and second years from causes which are not known, and attempts to raise the tree in the Arnold Arboretum have also failed. Some of the seed, however, was raised by the late Baron von St. Paul Illaire at Fischbach in Silesia, which were alive in 1895 ; 2 and small plants were reported in 1903 to be growing in the Royal Pomological Institute at Proskau in Silesia. 3 The late Mr. Johnson, of Astoria, Oregon, transplanted a few small trees to his nursery, some of which are, I believe, growing near Portland. Brandagee found a few two-year-old seedlings among the old trees, and half a dozen of them reached the Arnold Arboretum alive. One of these was sent from there to Kew in November 1897, and is growing near the Pagoda, being about 2^ feet in height at the present time (March 1905). It is the only living specimen known to us in Britain. The tree is said by Professor Sheldon to grow from 100 to 150 feet high, but Sargent gives 120 feet as the extreme height, and Messrs. Jack and Rehder did not see any higher than about 110 feet by about 9 feet in circumference. Douglas informed Baron von St. Paul that the largest tree measured by him was 121 feet high, and 2 feet u inches in diameter at 7^ feet from the ground. As the region in which it grows is so limited, and forest fires are very prevalent and 1 Erythea, vi. 12 (1898), and vii. 176 (1899). 2 Mitt. Dattsch. Dcndr. Ges. 1 895, P- 42- 3 Ibid. 1 903, p. 77.
84 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland destructive, it is to be feared that unless special measures are taken for its protection by the State of Oregon this very beautiful tree may become extinct. The timber, which I only know from a specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods, preserved in the American Museum of Natural History at New York, is said by Sargent to be considerably heavier than that of other American spruces, soft, close-grained, with a satiny surface, the sapwood hardly distinguishable. The specimen alluded to is 13^ inches in diameter under the bark at 166 years old. (H. J. E.) Picea PICEA A JAN ENS IS, AJAN SPRUCE Picea ajanensis, Fischer, ex Lindley and Gordon, Trans. Hort. Sof.v. 2 12 (1850), and in Middendorff, JReise, Florula Ochotensis, 8 7, tt 22-24 (1856); Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xviii. 508 (1880), and Card. Chron. 1 880, xiii. 115, and xiv. 427, with figures; Mayr, Monograph der Abietineen des Jap. Reiches, 5 3, 102, t. iv. (1890); Kent, in Veitch's Man. Conifera, 4 25 (1900). Picea ajanensis, var. microsperma, Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xviii. 509 (1880). Picea jesoensis, Carrifere, Traite Gen. Conif. 2 55 (1855). Abies ajanensis, Lindley and Gordon, loc. fit. ( 1850). Abies jezoensis, Siebold et Zuccarini, Flora Japonica? ii. 19, t. no (exparte) ( 1844); Veitch, Man. Conifera, ed. i, p. 72 (1881). A tree, attaining in Yezo 100-150 feet in height. Bark like that of the common European spruce, grey, and composed of irregularly quadrangular scales which do not fall off. Branchlets shining, glabrous, yellow, never becoming reddish. Free part of the pulvini long, directed backwards on branchlets of old trees, not widened or channelled at their bases on the upper surface of the branchlets, persistent on old branchlets. Buds broadly conic, with ovate scales rounded in margin, showing on opening the young leaves tinged with red. Leaves flattened, thin, blunt, or ending in a short point, slightly keeled on both surfaces; ventral surface green without stomata; dorsal surface silvery white with two broad bands of stomata. Cones purple when young, brownish when ripe, straight, oblong, tapering at each end, 2 to 3 inches long by nearly i inch wide ; scales narrowly oblong-oval, coriaceous, erose, and denticulate in margin ; bracts minute, concealed, broad-oblong, slightly narrowed below, their upper rounded denticulate edge giving off abruptly an apiculus. Seed with a wing, which is twice or thrice as long as the seed itself. IDENTIFICATION. (See Picea hondoensis.} DISTRIBUTION Picea ajanensis appears to be confined to Manchuria, Amurland, that part of Eastern Siberia which faces the southern half of the Sea of Ochotsk, Saghalien, the three southern isles of the Kurile group, and Yezo. The spruce of Central China, which has been identified with it in Index Florce Sinensis, ii. 553, has pubescent shoots, and is probably identical with Picea brachytila, Masters. The accounts of the Ajan spruce on the continent of Asia are of ancient date, the only recent one being that in Russian by Komarov, 2 who states that it grows abundantly with species of Abies and Pinus koraiensis in mountain woods in all the provinces of Manchuria. It has not, however, been collected there by any British travellers. 1 The figures given by Siebold represent (i) a flowering twig which came from a garden in Tokyo, and was probably, according to Mayr, Picea hondoensis; and (2) a branch with cones, copied from a Japanese drawing of Picea ajanensis from Yero. The description applies to two species, and the name jezoensis cannot stand. The synonymy is very involved, but, accepting Mayr's view, the facts are clear enougb. The Hondo spruce was first distinguished clearly by Mayr, and therefore receives his name Picea hondoensis. The Vezo and Amurland spruces are the same species, and receive the name Picea ajanensis, first given by Fischer. 2 Komarov, Flora Manshuria, i. 200 (1901).
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Page 7 and 8: PREFACE THE United Kingdom offers a
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS PAGE DEDICATION ........ v
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Page 29 and 30: SOPHORA Sophora, Linnaeus, Gen. PI.
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184 The Trees of Great Britain and
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2OO The Trees of Great Britain and
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a 7" KSrJi «£^«~ **». . "" ^ '"
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INARCHED BP;ECH AT ASIIRIDGE TLATE
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13KECII WOOD AT SLINHON A ru 6.
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BEECH AT NEWBATTLE Pi .ATE 8.
Page 121 and 122:
I BEECH AT GORDON CASTLE TLAI-K 10.
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KING BEECH AT KNOLE I'LAIE 12.
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AILANTHUS AT BELTON PLATE 14.
Page 127 and 128:
SOI'HORA AT CAMBRIDGE PLATE 16.
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ARAUCARIA FOREST IN CM ILK I'l.MT.
Page 131 and 132:
ARAUCARIAS AT BEAUFORT
Page 133 and 134:
MAIDENHAIR T liEK AT FKOGMOKF. PLAT
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TULIP TREE IN NORTH CAROLINA 1'LATE
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TULIP TREE AT KILLERTON PLATE 26.
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PLATE SERVIAN SPRUCE IN BOSNIA 28.
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MENZIES' SPRUCE AT BEAUFORT PLATE 3
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YEW AVENUE AT MIDIIURST PLATE 32.
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i '*m i t /n b &; y'JM i /Jk, - •
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•• *-' YEW AT WHITTIKGHAME PLAT
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CRYPTOMERIA FOREST IN NORTH JAPAN 1
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CRYPTOMEKIAS AT IMAICHI I'l.ATE 40.
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CRYPTOMERIA AT HEMSTED PLATK 42.
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PYRUS. PLATE 44.
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SORB TREE AT ARLEV PLATE 46.
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SERVICE TREE AT RICKMANSWORTH >.mmm
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'^iji^m^^Jt^.^M. SERVICE TREE AT SY
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DECIDUOUS CYPRESS IN VIRGINIA PLATE
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DECIDUOUS CYPRESS AT SYON Tr.ATE 54
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GIANT THUYA IN VANCOUVER'S ISLAND P
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Plate 58 represents the trunk of wh
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j« WESTERN HEMLOCK GROWING ON FALL
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