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90 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Picea liondoensis.— Leaves flat, with bands of stomata confined to the dorsal surface. On the lower surface of lateral branchlets the twig is bare, with the leaves directed outwards at right angles. Picea Alcockiana.—Leaves quadrangular in section, with lines of stomata on the ventral surface, in addition to the bands of stomata on the dorsal surface. On the lower surface of lateral branchlets the twig is not quite bare, and the leaves are directed forwards at an acute angle. Picea kondocnsis, Picea ajancnsis, and Picea sitchensis have been distinguished, so far as leaves and branchlets are concerned, in the key to Section Omorica. The cones of these three species are much alike. Those of Picea sitchensis, however, have scales oblong in outline, with their upper edge scarcely emarginate or erose; the bracts are large and visible between the scales towards the base of the cone. In the other two species the scales of the cones are oval with erose margins, while the bracts are minute, concealed, and differently shaped. The cones of Picea Alcockiana differ considerably from those of the three preceding species. Their scales are rounded, being nearly semicircular in outline, with the upper edge almost entire or only minutely denticulate ; and their outer surface is markedly striated. DISTRIBUTION Picea hondoensis is confined to the central chain of mountains in the main island of Japan, occurring at altitudes above 4000 feet. Shirasawa (loc. cit.} mentions as localities, Fuji, Mitake, Novikura, Sirane to Nikko, Chokarsan to Ugo, etc.; and says that in the lower levels it is accompanied by Tsuga diversifolia, and ascends to 8000 feet in company with Abies Veitchii. Mayr states that on Fuji it is accompanied by Picea bicolor (Alcockiana), both occurring in mixed woods with Larix leptolepis and Abies Veitchii. Farther north, Picea polita joins the two spruces just named; and all three reach their northern limit in the high mountains of Iwashiro at 38 lat. Its southern limit is 35 lat. Elwes saw very little of this tree in Japan, but near the top of the Wada-toge pass there were some small spruces growing at about 4500 feet elevation, which he believes to have been this species. Tohi is the Japanese name. INTRODUCTION Picea hondoensis was introduced in 1861 by John Gould Veitch. It was dis tributed as Abies Alcoquiana, an unfortunate circumstance, due to the fact that the seeds of the two spruces growing on Fujiyama (Picea hondoensis and Alcockiana) were both collected for Mr. Veitch by natives and were mixed together. Dr. Masters cleared up the question as to the distinctness of these two species in an article in the Gardeners' Chronicle? in which, however, he retained the name Picea ajanensis for the spruce, which Mayr afterwards separated as Picea hondoensis. If 1 Card. Chron. 1 880, i. 115, and ii. 427. Picea 91 Mayr's view of the specific distinctness of Picea hondoensis and Picea ajanensis be upheld, most of the specimens cultivated in this country under the latter name (and many also incorrectly labelled Alcockiana) must be renamed as Picea hondoensis. The best specimen we have seen in England is a tree at Hemsted in Kent, which was planted by the Earl of Cranbrook in 1887, and, when measured by Elwes in 1905, was 44 feet high. There is one at Benmore, near Dunoon, the property of H. S. Younger, Esq., which Henry measured in 1905 as 52 feet by 4 feet 4 inches, about twenty-five years planted. At Fota, Co. Cork, there is a fine tree which, in 1904, Henry found to be 44 feet by 4 feet 3 inches. (A. H.)
92, The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PICEA SITCHENSIS, MENZIES' OR SITKA SPRUCE 1 Picea sitchensis, Carriere, Traitl Conifer. 2 60 (1855); Trautvetter et Meyer, in Middendorff, Reise JFJorula ochotensis, 8 7 (1856) ; 2 Sargent, Silva N. America, xii. 55, t. 602 (1898); Kent, in Veitch's Man. Coniferce, 452 (1900). Picea Menziesii, Carriere, Traite Conifer. 2 37 (1855); Masters, Card. Chron. xxv. 728, figs. 161, 162 (1886). Picea sitkaensis, Mayr, IVald. IV. Amerika, 3 38 (1890). Pinus sitchensis, Bongard, V£g. Sitcha, 46 (1832). Abies Menziesii, Lindley, Penny Cycl. i. 32 (1833); Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2321 (1838). Abies sitchensis, Lindley and Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. v. 212 (1850.) A tree, sometimes exceeding 200 feet in height, with a trunk 4 to 20 feet in diameter, tapering above its enlarged and buttressed base ; in Alaska dwindling to a low shrub. Bark with large, thin, red-brown scales. Branchlets yellow, shining, glabrous. Buds ovoid, acute at the apex, with ovate obtuse scales. Leaves arranged on lateral branchlets as in Picea ajanensis, ending in sharp cartilaginous points ; deeply keeled on the ventral green surface, and almost convex on the dorsal surface, which has two white broad bands of stomata. The male catkins are solitary at or near the ends of the branchlets, and are of an orange reddish colour. Cones : on short straight stalks, cylindrical-oval, blunt at the free end, 2^ to 4 inches long by i to i^ inches wide, composed of oblong or oblong-oval scales, rounded towards the apex, denticulate and scarcely erose in margin ; bracts lanceolate, denticulate, about half as long as the scales, and peeping out between them towards the base of the cone. The cones when ripe are yellow or brown, and generally fall off in the autumn and winter of the first year. Seeds, with a wing, three to four times as long as the seed itself. The Sitka spruce seems to vary considerably over its wide area. There are specimens at Kew from the Columbia River, with pubescent young shoots, and bearing small cones which have oval, not oblong, scales, and minute almost orbicular bracts. Other specimens from Alaska have larger cones than usual, but with bracts shorter than usual, and the leaves are not so deeply keeled or so sharp-pointed as in the type. Cultivated trees are generally broadly pyramidal in outline, and when old, often show the enlarged and buttressed base, so characteristic of wild trees ; the roots sometimes extending superficially above the ground for several feet. The tree often produces on its lateral branches small erect shoots, on which the leaves spread radially in all directions. (A. j-[.) IDENTIFICATION. (See Picea hondocnsis) 1 Called also Tideland spruce on the Pacific coast. * Trautvetter and Meyer are often cited as the authors of the name Picea sitc/iensis ; but the correct date of their publication is later than that of Carriere's. See Trautvetter, Flora Rossic
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»f rees Great Britain Ireland BY H
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Page 7 and 8: PREFACE THE United Kingdom offers a
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192 The Trees of Great Britain and
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196 The Trees of Great Britain and
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2OO The Trees of Great Britain and
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a 7" KSrJi «£^«~ **». . "" ^ '"
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INARCHED BP;ECH AT ASIIRIDGE TLATE
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13KECII WOOD AT SLINHON A ru 6.
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BEECH AT NEWBATTLE Pi .ATE 8.
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I BEECH AT GORDON CASTLE TLAI-K 10.
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KING BEECH AT KNOLE I'LAIE 12.
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AILANTHUS AT BELTON PLATE 14.
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SOI'HORA AT CAMBRIDGE PLATE 16.
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ARAUCARIA FOREST IN CM ILK I'l.MT.
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ARAUCARIAS AT BEAUFORT
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MAIDENHAIR T liEK AT FKOGMOKF. PLAT
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TULIP TREE IN NORTH CAROLINA 1'LATE
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TULIP TREE AT KILLERTON PLATE 26.
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PLATE SERVIAN SPRUCE IN BOSNIA 28.
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MENZIES' SPRUCE AT BEAUFORT PLATE 3
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YEW AVENUE AT MIDIIURST PLATE 32.
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i '*m i t /n b &; y'JM i /Jk, - •
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•• *-' YEW AT WHITTIKGHAME PLAT
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CRYPTOMERIA FOREST IN NORTH JAPAN 1
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CRYPTOMEKIAS AT IMAICHI I'l.ATE 40.
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CRYPTOMERIA AT HEMSTED PLATK 42.
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PYRUS. PLATE 44.
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SORB TREE AT ARLEV PLATE 46.
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SERVICE TREE AT RICKMANSWORTH >.mmm
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'^iji^m^^Jt^.^M. SERVICE TREE AT SY
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DECIDUOUS CYPRESS IN VIRGINIA PLATE
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DECIDUOUS CYPRESS AT SYON Tr.ATE 54
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GIANT THUYA IN VANCOUVER'S ISLAND P
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Plate 58 represents the trunk of wh
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j« WESTERN HEMLOCK GROWING ON FALL
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