symbols-a4

Dec Hex Char L ATEX 2ε
128 80 € \texteuro (tc)
130 82 ‚ \quotesinglbase (T1)
131 83 f \textit{f}
132 84 „ \quotedblbase (T1)
133 85 . . . \dots
134 86 † \dag
135 87 ‡ \ddag
136 88 ˆ \textasciicircum
137 89 ‰ \textperthousand (tc)
138 8A ˇ S \v{S}
139 8B ‹ \guilsinglleft (T1)
140 8C Π\OE
142 8E ˇ Z \v{Z}
Table 330: L ATEX 2ε Code Page 1252 Table
Dec Hex Char L ATEX 2ε
145 91 ‘ ‘
146 92 ’ ’
147 93 “ ‘‘
148 94 ” ’’
149 95 • \textbullet
150 96 – --
151 97 — ---
152 98 ˜ \textasciitilde
153 99 \texttrademark
154 9A ˇs \v{s}
155 9B › \guilsinglright (T1)
156 9C œ \oe
158 9E ˇz \v{z}
159 9F ¨ Y \"{Y}
While too large to incorporate into this document, a listing of ISO 8879:1986 SGML/XML character entities
and their L ATEX equivalents is available from http://www.bitjungle.com/~isoent/. Some of the characters
presented there make use of isoent, a L ATEX 2ε package (available from the same URL) that fakes some of the
missing ISO glyphs using the L ATEX picture environment. 14
8.7 Unicode characters
Unicode is a “universal character set”—a standard for encoding (i.e., assigning unique numbers to) the symbols
appearing in many of the world’s languages. While ASCII can represent 128 symbols and Latin 1 can represent
256 symbols, Unicode can represent an astonishing 1,114,112 symbols.
Because TEX and L ATEX predate the Unicode standard and Unicode fonts by almost a decade, support for
Unicode has had to be added to the base TEX and L ATEX systems. Note first that L ATEX distinguishes between
input encoding—the characters used in the .tex file—and output encoding—the characters that appear in the
generated .dvi, .pdf, etc. file.
Inputting Unicode characters
To include Unicode characters in a .tex file, load the ucs package and load the inputenc package with the utf8x
(“UTF-8 extended”) option. 15 These packages enable L ATEX to translate UTF-8 sequences to L ATEX commands,
which are subsequently processed as normal. For example, the UTF-8 text “Copyright © 2009”—“©” is not
an ASCII character and therefore cannot be input directly without packages such as ucs/inputenc—is converted
internally by inputenc to “Copyright \textcopyright{} 2009” and therefore typeset as “Copyright © 2009”.
The ucs/inputenc combination supports only a tiny subset of Unicode’s million-plus symbols.
Additional symbols can be added manually using the \DeclareUnicodeCharacter command.
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter takes two arguments: a Unicode number and a L ATEX command to execute
when the corresponding Unicode character is encountered in the input. For example, the Unicode character
“degree celsius” (“ ℃ ”) appears at character position U+2103. 16 However, “ ℃ ” is not one of the characters
that ucs and inputenc recognize. The following document shows how to use \DeclareUnicodeCharacter to
tell L ATEX that the “ ℃ ” character should be treated as a synonym for \textcelsius:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{ucs}
\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
14isoent is not featured in this document, because it is not available from CTAN and because the faked symbols are not “true”
characters; they exist in only one size, regardless of the body text’s font size.
15UTF-8 is the 8-bit Unicode Transformation Format, a popular mechanism for representing Unicode symbol numbers as
sequences of one to four bytes.
16The Unicode convention is to express character positions as “U+〈hexadecimal number〉”.
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