In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace ...

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Figure 4-2 Wallace’s map of the Aru Islands. Wallace struggled to solve the species problem for the butterfly species Ornithoptera poseidon (top) and Ornithoptera priamus (bottom) that featured black and iridescent green wings and two and three black spots respectively on each hind wing. (Map from The Malay Archipelago, 1869)
112 / In Darwin’s Shadow exactly intermediate between A and B. If you keep to your rule you are now forced to make B a variety, or if you are positive B is a species, then C and D must also become species, as well as all other permanent varieties which differ as much as these do: yet you say some of these groups are special creations, others not. Strange that such widely different origins should produce such identical results. To escape this difficulty there is but one way: you must consider every group of individuals presenting permanent characters, however slight, to constitute a species; while those only which are subject to such variation as to make us believe they have descended from a parent species, or that we know have so descended, are to be classed as varieties. These two doctrines, of “permanent varieties” and of “specially created unvarying species,” are inconsistent with each other. 5 He was so close to the solution! But here the paper ends without the denouement. It was published in Zoologist in January 1858, the annus mirabilis of evolutionary theory, just as Wallace caught a steamer to the islands of Ternate and Gilolo, in the Moluccas, where there was, as he told Bates on the 25th, “perhaps the most perfect entomological terra incognita now to be found. I think I shall stay in this place two or three years, as it is the centre of a most interesting and almost unknown region.” 6 Here he was working on a more complete development of the 1855 Sarawak paper that was, as he explained to Bates, “only the announcement of the theory, not its development. I have prepared the plan and written portions of an extensive work embracing the subject in all its bearings and endeavouring to prove what in the paper I have only indicated.” 7 Though the Sarawak Law explained the geographical alliance of species in time and space, it did not account for either descent or divergence of species. 8 “I had no conception of how or why each new form had come into existence with all its beautiful adaptations to its special mode of life,” he later recalled. 9 That would all change during one of the greatest moments of serendipity in the history of science. On the Tendency Wallace’s extensive stay would be cut short by illness, but the development of his theory would not. Once again stricken with malaria, trembling, delirious, and fighting for his life, it occurred to Wallace that death would befall individuals unequally throughout a species. The stronger, healthier, and faster would be more likely to survive, while the less favored would die. Thus, there was a selection for and against certain individuals, depending on the variety of their characteristics. Throughout his career Wallace was frequently asked—and seemed always to oblige his inquirers—to recount the events that led him to solving the
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IN DARWIN’S SHADOW
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IN DARWIN’S SHADOW THE LIFE AND S
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To Kimberly With unencumbered love
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CONTENTS List of Illustrations ix P
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ILLUSTRATIONS P-1. The Historical M
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Illustrations /xi 10-1. Wallace cha
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PREFACE GENESIS AND REVELATION The
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Genesis and Revelation /xv chael Gh
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Genesis and Revelation / xvii would
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Genesis and Revelation / xix Wallac
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IN DARWIN’S SHADOW
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PROLOGUE The Psychology of Biograph
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The Psychology of Biography /5 cial
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The Psychology of Biography /7 over
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The Psychology of Biography /9 whic
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The Psychology of Biography /11 Qua
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The Psychology of Biography /13 his
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The Psychology of Biography /15 wit
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7% 29% BIOGEOGRAPHY and NATURAL HIS
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The Psychology of Biography /19 pre
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The Psychology of Biography /21 Con
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The Psychology of Biography /23 in
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The Psychology of Biography /25 We
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The Psychology of Biography /27 Bir
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The Psychology of Biography /29 sub
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The Psychology of Biography /31 him
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1 Uncertain Beginnings The year 188
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Figure 1-1 The birthplace of Alfred
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Uncertain Beginnings /37 pebbles in
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Uncertain Beginnings /39 that never
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Uncertain Beginnings /41 ologic, we
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Uncertain Beginnings /43 The Victor
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Uncertain Beginnings /45 tems, and
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Uncertain Beginnings /47 dance. 42
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Uncertain Beginnings /49 their fail
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Uncertain Beginnings /51 consider t
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Uncertain Beginnings /53 took a job
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Uncertain Beginnings /55 evolutioni
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The Evolution of a Naturalist /57 W
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The Evolution of a Naturalist /59 F
Page 82 and 83: The Evolution of a Naturalist /61 d
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Page 86 and 87: The Evolution of a Naturalist /65 L
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Page 90 and 91: Figure 2-4 This series of hand sket
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2-4 (Continued) The fish of
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Page 98 and 99: 3 Breaching the Walls of the Specie
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Page 116 and 117: Figure 3-5 Solving the problem of t
Page 130 and 131: The Mystery of Mysteries Solved / 1
Page 144 and 145: Sumatra Malaysia The Mystery of Mys
Page 150 and 151: A Gentlemanly Arrangement / 129 A D
Page 152 and 153: Figure 5-2 Joseph Hooker and Charle
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Page 156 and 157: A Gentlemanly Arrangement / 135 Sol
Page 158 and 159: A Gentlemanly Arrangement / 137 let
Page 160 and 161: A Gentlemanly Arrangement / 139 by
Page 162 and 163: A Gentlemanly Arrangement / 141 on
Page 164 and 165: A Gentlemanly Arrangement / 143 to
Page 166 and 167: A Gentlemanly Arrangement / 145 Zer
Page 168 and 169: A Gentlemanly Arrangement / 147 gon
Page 170 and 171: A Gentlemanly Arrangement / 149 vie
Page 172 and 173: 6 Scientific Heresy and Ideological
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Scientific Heresy and Ideological M
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7 AScientist Among the Spiritualist
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A Scientist Among the Spiritualists
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Figure 7-4 Slate writing as a condu
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Heretical Thoughts / 203 derstandin
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Heretical Thoughts / 205 the histor
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Heretical Thoughts / 207 Of course,
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Heretical Thoughts / 209 became par
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Heretical Thoughts / 211 Clearly, W
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Heretical Thoughts / 213 mak indepe
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Heretical Thoughts / 215 time and t
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Heretical Thoughts / 217 postcard t
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Heretical Thoughts / 219 cranial ev
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Heretical Thoughts / 221 with a fla
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Heretical Thoughts / 223 environmen
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9 Heretical Culture A knotty proble
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Heretical Culture / 227 structures
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Heretical Culture / 229 things cann
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Heretical Culture / 231 indefinite
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Heretical Culture / 233 On the Side
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Heretical Culture / 235 nals, inclu
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Heretical Culture / 237 society. Th
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Heretical Culture / 239 the family
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Heretical Culture / 241 Figure 9-4
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Heretical Culture / 243 While his e
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Heretical Culture / 245 selection
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Heretical Culture / 247 churches, w
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Heretical Culture / 249 have been f
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Heretic Personality / 251 self-made
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Heretic Personality / 253 himself a
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Heretic Personality / 255 Such quai
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Heretic Personality / 257 by the co
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Heretic Personality / 259 incident
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Heretic Personality / 261 president
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264 / In Darwin’s Shadow Figure 1
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266 / In Darwin’s Shadow Only spa
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268 / In Darwin’s Shadow The “A
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270 / In Darwin’s Shadow one thin
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274 / In Darwin’s Shadow When Dar
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276 / In Darwin’s Shadow perience
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278 / In Darwin’s Shadow Darwinis
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280 / In Darwin’s Shadow orary de
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282 / In Darwin’s Shadow evolutio
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284 / In Darwin’s Shadow work for
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286 / In Darwin’s Shadow into one
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290 / In Darwin’s Shadow On the c
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292 / In Darwin’s Shadow of what
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294 / In Darwin’s Shadow emphasiz
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12 The Life of Wallace and the Natu
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300 / In Darwin’s Shadow The Natu
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302 / In Darwin’s Shadow what is
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304 / In Darwin’s Shadow individu
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306 / In Darwin’s Shadow tion bet
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308 / In Darwin’s Shadow The inte
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310 / In Darwin’s Shadow mind.”
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312 / In Darwin’s Shadow inabilit
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314 / In Darwin’s Shadow include
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316 / In Darwin’s Shadow events o
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318 / In Darwin’s Shadow Eysenck:
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320 / In Darwin’s Shadow have con
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322 / In Darwin’s Shadow example,
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324 / In Darwin’s Shadow left whe
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326 / In Darwin’s Shadow involved
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Natural History Museum in London, N
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49. Ibid., 78, 227. 50. Ibid., 87-8
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67. Richards, 1987, 560-74. 68. Ibi
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19. In Marchant, 1916, 197. 20. Ibi
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adaptationism to adaptationism, Mal
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11. LS. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibi
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344 / Appendix I tively, have caref
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346 / Appendix I 1835-May 1869. The
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348 / Appendix I The Wonderful Cent
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350 / Appendix I These have all bee
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352 / Appendix II n.d.: no date n.p
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354 / Appendix II 9. On the Monkeys
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356 / Appendix II 47. Correction of
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358 / Appendix II 88. Discussion/NT
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360 / Appendix II 1867 125. Ice Mar
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362 / Appendix II presented in 1869
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364 / Appendix II 204. Reply to Mr.
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366 / Appendix II May 1874: no. 89,
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368 / Appendix II 288. The Curiosit
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370 / Appendix II 332. The Emotions
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372 / Appendix II Sept. 1883 “and
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374 / Appendix II 414. American Mus
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376 / Appendix II 1891: no. 298, n.
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378 / Appendix II 495. Recognition
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380 / Appendix II 542. Miracles and
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382 / Appendix II ifestations fluid
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384 / Appendix II 55: 2024-31, 27 A
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386 / Appendix II 671. Letter (to E
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388 / Appendix II latter’s articl
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392 / Bibliography ———. 1989.
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394 / Bibliography Feyerabend, P. 1
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396 / Bibliography Humboldt, A. von
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398 / Bibliography Millhauser, M. 1
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400 / Bibliography Shermer, M. B. 1
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402 / Bibliography Woolgar, S. 1988
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Arts and Humanities Citation Index,
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contributions of Wallace recognized
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evolution theory. See also human ev
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Historie Naturelle (Buffon), 91, 10
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Lyell, Charles (continued) on human
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Natural Theology (Paley), 227-28 Na
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Poulton, Edward B. (continued) on W
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Ramsay, Andrew, 156 Randall, John H
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species and speciation process (con
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Vaccination a Delusion; Its Penal E
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