Groundwater arsenic in the Red River delta, Vietnam ... - Fiva

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Preface This PhD thesis deals with the presence of groundwater arsenic, which poses a real threat to the health of millions of people all over the world. The chapters 1 to 5 presents the results of the PhD research in a broader scientific context. Based on the findings of chapters 1 to 5, chapter 6 concludes by giving specific recommendations for the Vietnamese National Arsenic Action Plain to strategic mitigation measures for the groundwater As problem in the Red River flood plain in Vietnam. The PhD research results are formulated in the following five journal papers, included in appendix I to V: I Postma D., Larsen F., Nguyen T. M. H., Mai T. D., Pham H. V., Pham Q. N. and Jessen S. (2007) Arsenic in groundwater of the Red River floodplain, Vietnam: Controlling geochemical processes and reactive transport modeling. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71, 5054–5071. II Larsen F., Pham Q. N., Dang D. N., Postma D., Jessen S., Pham H. V., Nguyen B. T., Duc T. H., Luu T. T., Nguyen H., Chambon J., Nguyen V. H., Hoang D. H., Nguyen T. M. H., Mai T. D. and Refsgaard J. C. (2008) Controlling geological and hydrogeological processes in an arsenic contaminated aquifer on the Red River flood plain, Vietnam. Appl. Geochem. 23, 3099–3115. III Jessen S., Larsen F., Postma D., Pham H. V., Nguyen T. H., Pham Q. N., Dang D. N., Mai T. D., Nguyen T. M. H., Duc T. H., Luu T. T., Hoang D. H. and Jakobsen R. (2008) Palaeo-hydrogeological control on groundwater As levels in the Red River delta, Vietnam. Appl. Geochem. 23, 3116–3126. IV Postma D., Jessen S., Nguyen T. M. H., Mai T. D., Koch C. B., Pham H. V., Pham Q. N. and Larsen F. Mobilization of arsenic and iron from Red River floodplain sediments, Vietnam. Submitted to Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. V Jessen S., Postma D., Larsen F., Pham Q. N., Le Q. H., Tran V. L., Pham H. V. and Jakobsen R. The mobility of arsenic in a Red River floodplain aquifer: Results of a forced gradient experiment and surface complexation modelling. Manuscript. The research was carried out at DTU Environment between December 2005 and September 2009 and supervised by Dieke Postma, Flemming Larsen (both at GEUS), Rasmus Jakobsen (DTU Environment) and Pham Hung Viet (CETASD, Hanoi University of Science). The research was funded by The Danish Research Council for Development Research under DANIDA. xi
I would like to thank Dieke Postma and Flemming Larsen for competently guiding me through the PhD, always dosing the right amount of realism and optimism for me to carry on. I appreciated very much the professional support by Rasmus Jakobsen during the last part of the PhD, as well as the many friendly chats and discussions during the whole study. My acknowledgement also goes to Pham Hung Viet, who, as a director of CETASD, provided excellent research facilities in Vietnam. My special thanks go to Pham Quy Nhan for the always professional, altruistic and friendly co-operation during the whole study. I also thank Anne Harsting for skilfully helping out with the accounts. For the help and advice during laboratory and field work I am especially indebted to Erik Lange, Per Jensen, Bent Skov and Sinh Hy Nguyen. Also, I whish to thank Susanne Kruse, Mona Refstrup, Nguyen Thi Minh Hue, Lene Kirstejn Jensen, Christina Rosenberg Lynge, Ellen Zimmer Hansen and Torben Dolin, for their always friendly help with various issues. My acknowledgement also goes to Heidi Barlebo and Vibeke Ernstsen, for providing a pc, a desk and a chair as well as excellent laboratory facilities at GEUS through more than a year. Also thanks to Pham Thi Kim Trang from CETASD, and the people from UNICEF Vietnam, Thowai Sha Zai, Nguyen To Tran and Nguyen Thanh Hien for responsively providing information on the arsenic mitigation status in the Red River delta. Many thanks also to my fellow PhD students at DTU for the several years of good comradeship, Friday beers & cakes. Also thanks to the people at GEUS for providing a pleasant atmosphere everyday, and during Friday morning breakfasts and the occasional afternoon cake feasts. Finally, I would like to thank Mette Gram, my beautiful life companion, for being who she is. Lyngby, September 2009 Søren Jessen xii
Page 1 and 2: Groundwater arsenic in the Red Rive
Page 3 and 4: Søren Jessen Groundwater arsenic i
Page 5 and 6: organic matter may prevent As mobil
Page 8 and 9: Resumé Naturligt frigivet arsen (A
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Page 14: Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION: T
Page 17 and 18: The PhD research presented in this
Page 19 and 20: educed form as As(III), which is al
Page 21 and 22: A more complex and intimate relatio
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Page 28 and 29: 3 Regional As distribution in the R
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In short, there is a consensus amon
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The local geology shows mainly sand
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ane concentration and P CO2 values
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Fig. 7. The distribution of arsenic
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H3AsO3 þ H2O $ H2AsO4 þ 3H þ þ
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Fig. 12. The relative composition o
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of the Fe-oxides in the upper 3 m c
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found that while As(V) coprecipitat
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desh: further evidence of decouplin
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Controlling geological and hydrogeo
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Here the results of the geological
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sediments. In general, the coarser
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Fig. 5. Thickness of the clay-rich
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a b c The groundwater head distribu
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Table 2 Total As and stable isotope
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delayed yield from the fine grained
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that the situation in Dan Phuong co
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Mathers, S., Zalasiewicz, J., 1999.
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0883-2927/$ - see front matter © 2
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3118 S. Jes sen et al. / Applied Ge
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Postma et al., submitted to Geochim
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The mobility of arsenic in a Red Ri
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Jessen et al., manuscript to be sub
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Table 1
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