Groundwater arsenic in the Red River delta, Vietnam ... - Fiva

Table of contents
1 INTRODUCTION: THE ‘ARSENIC PROBLEM’ .................................................3
2 SOURCE AND MOBILIZATION OF AS..............................................................5
2.1 ARSENIC RELEASE FROM CHANNEL BED SEDIMENTS ...................................................... 5
2.2 HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONTROL ON AS IN GROUNDWATER.............................................. 7
2.3 MOBILITY OF AS IN REDUCED AQUIFER SEDIMENTS..................................................... 10
2.4 OTHER PROCESSES CONTROLLING AS RELEASE AND CYCLING..................................... 11
3 REGIONAL AS DISTRIBUTION IN THE RED RIVER DELTA..........................15
4 HOUSEHOLD SAND FILTRATION IN THE RED RIVER DELTA......................21
5 THE MITIGATION POTENTIAL OF BANK INFILTRATION.............................25
6 CONCLUDING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AS MITIGATION MEASURES......29
6.1 THE VIETNAMESE NATIONAL ARSENIC ACTION PLAN................................................. 29
6.2 DATA REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................... 29
6.3 CENTRALIZED WATER TREATMENT............................................................................... 30
6.4 HOUSEHOLD-BASED WATER TREATMENT ..................................................................... 31
6.5 BLANKET TESTING OF AS LEVELS IN DRINKING WATER ............................................... 31
6.6 MITIGATION OF AS EXPOSURE VIA FOOD...................................................................... 32
7 REFERENCES................................................................................................33
8 APPENDICES.................................................................................................45