Future Requirements of Agricultural Machines for Mechanizing ...

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Table 7. Equipment for Spraying and Dusting Operations ◆ 182 ◆ STATUS OF FARM MECHANIZATION IN INDIA S. No. Name of the Implement Size Price, Rs Work Capacity Suitability ha/h h/ha A. Manually operated 1. Hand compression sprayer 14 litres 1500-2000 0.095 10.5 All regions 2. Lever Operated Knapsack sprayer 13-16 litres 1500 0.095 10.5 All regions 3. Foot sprayer 2500-3000 0.165 6 All regions 4. Duster 4-5 kg 1000 0.25 4 All regions 5. Controlled Droplet sprayer 1 litre 1500 0.25 4 All regions B. Power operated 1. Knapsack sprayer cum-duster 5 litres 5000-7000 0.22 5 All regions 2. Stationery power operated sprayer 5-10 hp 20000 0.35 3 All regions C. Tractor operated 1. Tractor operated sprayer 5000 mm 30000-40000 0.5 2 All regions, wider row crops D. Self propelled 1. High clearance sprayer 10000 mm 200,000 0.5-1.0 1-2 Cotton, potato and other tall crops Table 8. Equipment for Harvesting Operation S. No. Name of the Implement Size Price, Rs Work Capacity Suitability ha/h h/ha A. Manually operated 1. CIAE Serrated sickle 25-30 0.008 125 All regions B. Animal operated 1. CIAE groundnut-cum-potato digger 500 mm 2000 0.1 10-12 All regions C. Power tiller operated 1. Vertical Conveyor Reaper 1200 mm 15000 0.25 4 All regions, suitable for paddy and wheat crops D. Tractor operated 1. Vertical Conveyor Reaper 2000 mm 35000 0.4 2.5 All regions, rice, wheat, soybean etc. 2. CIAE Soybean Reaper 2000 mm 35000-40000 0.4 2.5 All regions E. Self propelled machines 1. Vertical Conveyor Reaper 1000 mm 40000-50000 0.25 4 All regions, suitable for paddy, wheat, soybean etc. 2. Combine harvester 4200 mm 6-12 lakhs 1.5-2.00 0.75-0.5 All regions, for paddy, wheat, gram, soybean etc. Table 9. Equipment for Threshing Operation S. No. Name of the Implement Size Price, Rs Work Capacity Suitability A. Power operated 1. Power operated thresher 5-10 hp 12000-20000 200-500 All regions, for single crop, paddy, wheat 2. CIAE Multi-crop thresher 5-10 hp 15000-25000 200-500 All regions, wheat, paddy, soyabean, maize, gram, pigeon pea etc. 3. High capacity multi-crop thresher 15-20 hp 40000-50000 1500-2000 All regions, wheat, paddy, soyabean, maize, gram, pigeon pea etc. 4. Tractor PTO operated multicrops thresher 25-35 hp 60000-70000 1500-2500 Wheat, soyabean, maize, gram etc. 5. Paddy thresher 5-15 hp 12000-25000 200-1000 All regions, paddy 6. Maize thresher 5-15 hp 12000-25000 500-2000 All regions, maize 7. Groundnut thresher 10-15 hp 25000 500-1000 All regions, groundnut Kg./h
FUTURE REQUIREMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES FOR MECHANIZING AGRICULTURE mostly in private sector. Annual production of sprayers and dusters is about 0.4 M. Recently Aeroblast sprayers, an introduction from Brazil has found good acceptance for cotton and tall tree applications. Manual and power operated sprayers could be single lance or long boom swath type, the latter are better for field crops and the former for spot treatment, kitchen gardens and trees. Impingement, distribution, coverage and drift are major issues is spraying and dusting which can be addressed by electrostatic spraying and dusting. However, India lack oil based pesticides required for electrostatic spraying. Air assisted sprayers and dusters improve the coverage which is essential when using contact type pesticide. There are already a few in the market. Selection of right kind of nozzles is vital in achieving efficacy. R&D efforts continue to be made in this direction. Table 7 presents some of the sprayers and dusters available and in use. 2.1.10 Harvesting, Threshing and Combining: Timely harvesting, separation of the produce and residue i.e. threshing and cleaning are very basic unit operations to save the crop from the qualitative and quantitative losses. Delayed harvesting means over maturity, and loss of quality, shedding in field, weather damages, damage due to fire and theft etc. Sickle, sythe, axe, Kudali, Gandasa, Dau are traditional harvesting equipment. Improved serrated sickles are available in the market at affordable price which save time and efforts. Sickle and sythe action are now mechanized with the introduction of walking, riding and tractor mounted vertical conveyer reapers. Table 8 gives broad specifications of improved harvesting equipment available. Power threshing, replacing the tiring and slow bullock treading or threshing with flail or sheaves striked on hard surface, got introduced in 1960’s. Wheat power thresher developed at Allahabad Agricultural Institute (now a deemed university), Allahabad revolutionized not only the wheat threshing but set a process in motion that today we have power threshers specialized and multi-crop handling all cereals, pulses and oilseed crops. Traditional threshing of wheat and several other crops is totally replaced by power threshing where current trend is for high capacity bulk-fed power threshers. Though the power threshers have feeding chutes designed to avoid hazards to operators but some people remove them and under fatigue or toxicants get injured. It brought a legislation on farm machinery safety. Nevertheless injury due to farm equipment continue to exist. Reaping with VCR and power threshing optimizes harvesting, threshing, residue management, and feed recovery system. However, combining is found to be the cheapest method of harvesting and threshing rice and wheat. As ◆ 183 ◆ a result combining has become popular and there are about 30 manufacturers manufacturing combines - tractormounted, tractor driven, and self-propelled with 8'-14' headers. Standard combines, however, do not handle crop residue which have feed value and create residue management problem. Straw combines do provide a solution however, in about 60-70% combined fields straw is insitu incinerated to clear the field for the next crop. Researchers are trying to develop straw/crop residue management strategies. Many crops specially fruits and vegetables, tuber crops continue to be cultivated and harvested in the traditional way but for groundnut and potato diggers that have been developed and commercialised. There are improved fruit pluckers, coconut tree climbers, manual and power operated coconut and arecanut dehuskers developed and commercialised. With increasing labour wages, conventional harvesting and threshing have become unaffordable as a result rising demand for mechanized harvestors specially of F&V and commercial crops for which solutions may not be easy to come. Efforts have been started to adopt appropriate harvesting machinery in use in developed world, however, most of these are high capital cost machinery which can be used on custom hire basis or as part of contract farming. There is demand for cotton pickers and sugarcane combines for harvesting commercial crops - cotton and sugarcane. 2.1.11 Transport Machinery: Traditional transport of carrying on head, shoulder or shouldersling or even as animal pack have lost relevance except where material to be transported are in very small quantities and for a short distance. Tradition bullock, camel or and horse carts are good for about 1-1.5 t of pay load. Pneumatic wheeled bullock carts can pull up to 2-3t of payload at 2.5-3.5 kmph and are still found economical for 5-10 km lead distance. Tractorised farms are seen keeping a pneumatic wheeled bullock cart for on-farm fodder, farm produce and input movements. Tractor owning farms have two wheeled 2-3t, trolley or 3-5t four wheeled trollies for on-farm and off-farm transport. In many cases 30-50% times agricultural tractors are used for transport of building construction materials improving annual use of tractors for economic sustainability. There are hydraulically tilting trollies available for automatic unloading of bulk loaded materials. Majority of the trollies are back dropped and some back and side dropped type too. Carts and trollies are multipurpose transport vehicles used for movement of men and materials like seed, fertilizer, soil, manure, agricultural produce and residues. There is need for animal and power operated manure transporter-cum-spreaders. However these are not available yet in the market. There
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