late pleistocene population interaction in western europe

acquisition in spring through fall, whereas the unshed one might have been procured from
fall to spring. Because of their small size, two shed spikes were found in all likelihood
some time during the snow-free period.
The Evolved Aurignacian (EJJ) assemblage
Reindeer antlers are not abundant in this small assemblage and include three
unshed antlers and one shed antler. Only two burrs, both unshed, could be measured (not
shown). One, and possibly, both antlers are from females. Procurement would have been
carried out between fall and spring. A fragmented shed burr with an antero-posterior
diameter of 46.3 mm is attributed to an adult male. It could have been collected in late
fall, winter or in the snow-free season. A reindeer d4 and a M1-M2-M3 mandibular series
are interpreted to have been acquired in late summer to early winter. An unworn d4 from
a bison comes from an animal procured in spring or summer. A single fetal bone of an
unidentified mammal was observed but not discerned to species. Postulating that this
bone is from one of the three major ungulates of the site, death in fall or winter is
inferred.
Conclusions on seasonality at Saint-Césaire: Food procurement versus raw material
collecting
Variation in birthing synchrony in the reindeer, bison, and horse was explored in
the introduction to this chapter. The strengths and weaknesses of the aging methods used
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