late pleistocene population interaction in western europe

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specimen can often be identified as an additional individual as well (Grayson 1984). Therefore, MNI is more likely to increase linearly with sample size in microfaunal samples. In much larger taxa, this is rarely true and MNI will tend to increase following a power function. For these reasons, NISP is preferred here to MNI for estimating reindeer abundance. The narrow-skulled vole (Microtus gregalis) and the common vole (Microtus arvalis) are the best represented taxa in the Saint-Césaire microfauna (Marquet 1988, 1993). Today, the narrow-skulled vole is restricted to Palearctic tundra and wooded steppe habitats and is found in Eurasia from the White Sea to the Bering Strait, with known occurrences in southern Siberia, Mongolia, and northwest China (Wilson and Reeder 1993). In contrast, the common vole is typical of more temperate environments. Its actual geographical distribution covers most of Europe, excluding southern Spain and the Mediterranean region (Wilson and Reeder 1993; Marquet 1993). When we look at the stratigraphic distribution of macrofaunal and microfaunal taxa at Saint-Césaire, a relatively good fit is found between the respective abundance of the narrow-skulled vole and reindeer (Figure 69). This is observed in all of the occupations, with the exception of the Châtelperronian and the low-density assemblage. It should be noted, however, that the Denticulate Mousterian (n=2) and Châtelperronian? (n=9) microfaunal samples have very small sample size. However, the fact that the narrow-skulled vole represents only 55.9% of the EJOP microfaunal sample (n=68, Marquet 1993:139), a sample in which remains from both the Châtelperronian? and Châtelperronian occupations are mixed together, confirms the relatively low abundance of this taxon in the bottom of the Saint-Césaire sequence. Therefore, the data suggest that 374
there has been a climatic deterioration during the occupation of the site, possibly between the end of the Châtelperronian and the beginning of the Aurignacian I. Figure 69. Proportions of reindeer (in NISP) in the macrofaunal samples from Saint- Césaire compared to proportions of narrow-skulled voles (in MNI) in the microfaunal samples from the same site. The wide dashed lines in the narrow-skulled vole line indicate small sample size. Reindeer data from Tables 13 and 14 and microfaunal data from Table 18. Taking into account the above cautionary notes about the stratigraphic integrity of this site, data for Roc de Combe also indicate an increase in abundance of the narrow- skulled vole, which rises from 12.9% (n=31) in the Châtelperronian to 29.2% (n=294) in the Early Aurignacian occupations (Marquet 1993:73). The difference between the two 375
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LATE PLEISTOCENE POPULATION INTERAC
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study is the r
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......
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TESTING THE RESOURCE DEPRESSION HYP
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TABLE 39. PROPORTIONS OF LONG BONES
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. SIMPLIFIE
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FIGURE 82. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABU
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEA
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Mayr 1982; Stephens and Krebs 1986;
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The history and development of the
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It is often argued that this set of
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elaboration of the theory of natura
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Bordes (1959), and Bouchud (1965),
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of the first to emphasize continuit
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The “Cro-Magnon race” was consi
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Neandertals in our country, had to
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Krapina), McCown and Keith argued f
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“a substitution, probably violent
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Important advances were also being
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W. W. Howells, one of the strongest
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hypothesis began to lose ground, pr
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purported inter-stratification of t
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More theoretically oriented, Laplac
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some Neandertal genes were passed d
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1996). However, recent work has rai
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The eighties and the re-formulation
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eminence is present on the mandible
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Eswaran 2002), which emphasizes tha
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(e.g., 1989a) to demonstrate that m
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A new player: molecular biology The
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meiosis, mtDNA does not recombine d
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ecame known as the “Garden of Ede
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The divergence date proposed by Ovc
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egions of the human genome, includi
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populations, should have been “er
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y Wall (2000) and Relethford (2001a
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simplistic interpretation of demogr
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or more recent than previously thou
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assumes that the Upper Paleolithic
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Nonetheless, this is not to deny th
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complexity of these technocomplexes
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differences in artifact production
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Bar-Yosef 2000, 2002). This analogy
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subsistence problems in their purpo
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These technocomplexes are found ass
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in order to produce blades. Similar
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very small (NISP=70), this new samp
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2002; David 2002) for the Grotte du
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these methods are based on differen
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CHAPTER 3 FORMULATION OF A TEST APP
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correct. This will allow for the ev
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in France also support the notion t
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too large (some 3,500 km) to be sim
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the new environment, which decrease
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etween the modern human colonizing
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(Broughton 1994a). This concept lea
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grease or transformed into bone cak
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In the French Paleolithic, taxa sma
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These lines of evidence are here us
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CHAPTER 4 FAUNAL REMAINS AT SAINT-C
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(Service Régional d’Archéologie
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hearths (Backer 1994). Split-base b
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Although the site is not protected
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Tool Type n % sidescrapers 122 40.0
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Denticulate Mousterian (EGPF) assem
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cranium, as well as some teeth, amo
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Approximately 5 % of the EJOP déca
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Latin Name Common Name Latin Name C
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In addition to NISP counts, MNI (Mi
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Castel (1999a:25-27) extended this
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the refitting program. However, bec
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Figure 7. Bison metatarsal from Sai
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considered abraded. Finally, very a
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etouchers has yet to be investigate
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Layer Total Bone Counts Pre-Refit N
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odents, insectivores, and batracian
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easons discussed later, MNE might b
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horse and bison. The relative abund
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Figure 11. Proportions of reindeer,
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Auri 0? (6) Auri I (5) Evol Auri (4
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arely perfectly dichotomous and are
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analysis of three late Upper Paleol
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Looking at taxonomic composition, t
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Figure 12. Bison bodypart represent
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Figure 15. Relative abundance of bi
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Figure 17. Relative abundance of re
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Moust (10) Châtel? Châtel (9) (8)
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Châtelperronian (EJOP sup) The sam
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identified in this sample compared
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The Evolved Aurignacian EJM Reindee
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CHAPTER 5 TAPHONOMY: FILTERING OUT
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statements about past behavior, it
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the fact that only 3 refit sets out
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Figure 20. Comparison of the distri
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As will become obvious in the next
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Distance Away From the Cliff in Met
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Figure 23. Abundance of NISP by lev
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equidistance between the categories
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taphonomic history. Because faunal
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Figure 25. Schematic representation
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p < 0.0001) may indicate that root
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Edge abrasion can be useful for und
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(Chase 1999), La Chaise (Costamagno
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on the outer (cortical) face of the
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totally unambiguous and calls for f
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Figure 30. Saint-Césaire. Elements
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assemblages made by carnivores from
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Comparability of elements and ident
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Degree of fragmentation, morphologi
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common in the NSUTS sample, and mos
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Figure 32. Saint-Césaire. Proporti
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Regarding tooth fragments, most of
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long bone epiphyses are affected by
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surface area estimated by multiplyi
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to other skeletal elements, althoug
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To counter these problems, a counti
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The problem is somewhat different w
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dominated by species from different
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may be used to test Klein’s (1989
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(Figure 34). In contrast, mean leng
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identification biases appear to exi
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Figure 37. Reindeer cubo-navicular
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NISP NSUTS Difference burned total
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NISP NSUTS Difference burned total
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urning and abundance cannot be expl
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Specifically, the relation between
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However, the inferences that can be
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The fact that the abundance of some
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Failure of one resource might have
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Synchrony of birthing and migration
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shorter day length compared to the
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(1983) for the Pyrénées. Concerni
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Garonne. A sample of D4 from this s
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Methods used in this study for deri
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season of death. Variation in the e
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Number Age Class Correspondence wit
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in the assemblages, the discussion
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like the Abri Pataud or Saint-Césa
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summary of data provided by various
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shown to be flawed, one of the reas
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that were 48-months old. However, t
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circumference of the burr (the base
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Figure 40. Measurements of the rein
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Except for the skull bones, no epip
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The developmental age predictions f
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equator. Conception in late Pleisto
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Unshed Antlers Shed Antlers Total l
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Figure 44. Crown height measurement
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addition, two shed antlers (one not
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ased on its stratigraphic position.
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all three, were from females. Colle
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Numerous reindeer antlers were foun
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ight humerus and a left femur, both
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acquisition in spring through fall,
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larger assemblages as well. Another
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Horses appear to be restricted to t
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patterns, excluding shed antlers. I
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selected for transport according to
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to utility, Spearman’s rho correl
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Aurignacian I), all the assemblages
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Figure 53. Relationship between the
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increases the correlation in three
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in transport decision-making than w
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cannot be described accurately by b
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Figure 56. Relationships between th
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should be noted that the difference
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it might be complicated to apply th
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Abundance of Horse Skeletal Parts V
Page 337 and 338: p < .02). This suggests that the Ch
Page 339 and 340: Figure 58. Relationship between the
Page 341 and 342: Interestingly, the marrow model pre
Page 343 and 344: An alternative to the utility index
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Page 347 and 348: under-represented compared to the m
Page 349 and 350: instead follows a power function (G
Page 351 and 352: The scapula is under-represented in
Page 353 and 354: eduction. Phalanges also decrease d
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Page 357 and 358: addition, one, and perhaps, both un
Page 359 and 360: have been a post hoc activity carri
Page 361 and 362: assemblages accumulated by Magdalen
Page 363 and 364: These results suggest that carnivor
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Page 367 and 368: and his team between 1949 and 1963
Page 369 and 370: Most of the large ungulate remains
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Page 379 and 380: Although some cases are known of pa
Page 381 and 382: Small assemblages like those of La
Page 383 and 384: Magdalenian. In this region, ungula
Page 385 and 386: alternative is that this occupation
Page 387: (ts = 1.97, p < 0.05). This chronol
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Page 395 and 396: Human population densities, genetic
Page 397 and 398: etoucher production and subsistence
Page 399 and 400: CHAPTER 10 FINAL CONCLUSIONS AND RE
Page 401 and 402: APPENDICES 387
Page 403 and 404: Auri 0? (6) Auri I (5) Evol Auri (4
Page 405 and 406: Les Galliformes sont représentés
Page 407 and 408: (traces de racines, desquamation),
Page 409 and 410: Appendix 3. MNE counts for reindeer
Page 411 and 412: EJOP INF reindeer horse bison body
Page 413 and 414: EJOP SUP reindeer horse bison body
Page 415 and 416: EJOP reindeer horse bison body part
Page 417 and 418: EJO INF reindeer horse bison body p
Page 419 and 420: EJO SUP reindeer horse bison body p
Page 421 and 422: EJO reindeer horse bison body part
Page 423 and 424: EJF reindeer horse bison body part
Page 425 and 426: EJM reindeer horse bison body part
Page 427 and 428: EJJ reindeer horse bison body part
Page 429 and 430: Appendix 4. Fetal age and correspon
Page 431 and 432: age in days Femur Tibia Metatarsal
Page 433 and 434: REFERENCES CITED ABRAMS, P.A. 2002.
Page 435 and 436: BAZILE, F., and SICARD, S. 1999. Le
Page 437 and 438: BONNISSENT, D. 1993. Choix et Explo
Page 439 and 440:
Membres des Grands Bovidés Pléist
Page 441 and 442:
l'Industrie Lithique. L'Apport de l
Page 443 and 444:
magadaléniens du bassin parisien.
Page 445 and 446:
Ancien en Europe, edited by C. Fari
Page 447 and 448:
HELLE, T. 1979. Sex segregation dur
Page 449 and 450:
381. KLEIN, R.G. 2003. Whither the
Page 451 and 452:
Adaptations at Saint-Césaire, Mono
Page 453 and 454:
MCKINLEY, V., and BURKE, A. 2000. A
Page 455 and 456:
OLIVER, J.S. 1993. Carcass processi
Page 457 and 458:
REIMERS, E. 1993. Antlerless female
Page 459 and 460:
SMITH, F.H., TRINKAUS, E., PETTIT,
Page 461 and 462:
of the Second International Reindee
Page 463 and 464:
VILLA, P., and D'ERRICO, F. 2001. B
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late pleistocene population interaction in western europe

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