late pleistocene population interaction in western europe

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particulièrement formatrices et ont permis d’affiner ma lecture du matériel. Merci à Jean- François Baratin et au Service Régional de l’Archéologie (Poitou-Charente) pour avoir permis le financement de l’archivage et du conditionnement du matériel. A Bordeaux, j’ai bénéficié d’un accueil plus que chaleureux à l’Institut de Préhistoire et de Géologie du Quaternaire où l’étude du materiel s’est déroulé. Je voudrais remercier en particulier Jean-Philippe Rigaud, Françoise Delpech et Jean-Pierre Texier pour m’avoir reçu dans leur laboratoire. Dominique Armand et Jean-Luc Guadelli m’ont dirigé dans l’apprentissage de la faune et de ses subtilités autant taphonomiques que taxonomiques et j’aimerais les remercier en ce sens. Geneviève Rauber et Michèle Charuel ont grandement facilité mon séjour par leur bonne humeur et leur aide. Jean-Baptiste Mallye, François Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, William Rendu et, en particulier, Nicolay Sirakov (fils) et Tsenka Tsanova ont participé d’une facon ou d’une autre à la réalisation de cette étude. Je les remercie de tout coeur. En plus de leur amitié, j’ai grandement profité de nombreuses discussions entretenues avec Cédric Beauval, Véronique Laroulandie, François Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, Hélène Rougier, Fanny Bocquentin, David Péressinoto, Jean- George Ferrié, Jean-Christophe Castel, Marian VanHaeren, Sandrine Costamagno, Nicolas Teyssandier, David Cochard, Marie Soressi, Arnaud Lenoble et Jean-Guillaume Bordes. Celles-ci m’ont permis de mieux cerner certains problèmes liés à l’interprétation des assemblages paléolithiques. J’aimerais également souligner les contributions de Jacques Jaubert, Jean-Michel Geneste, Jehanne Féblot-Augustins, Francesco d’Errico, Jean-Claude Marquet, Jean-Luc Guadelli, Patrick Michel, Pierre-Yves Demars, Bernard Vandermeersch, Michel Lenoir et Olivier Le Gall qui ont permis de compléter des informations manquantes. Un merci tout particulier à Bruno Maureille pour son enthousiasme et ses suggestions. Bien que travaillant sur des problématiques bien différentes, je tiens à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à Pierre Pétrequin pour ses encouragements et des échanges particulièrement stimulants. De plus, je tiens à souligner l’extrême gentillesse de François Lévêque qui s’est toujours montré d’une grande disponibilité et d’une patience indémontable. Les informations qu’il m’a fournies sur Saint-Césaire furent capitales quant à l’accomplissement de cette recherche. Je ne pourrais jamais assez remercier Cédric Beauval pour son aide. Sans lui, cette étude aurait été bien différente. J’aimerais également souligner à quel point je suis redevable à ma famille qui m’a toujours soutenu et encouragé au milieu de tous ces déménagements. Enfin, Laure, tout simplement parce que sans toi, tout cela perdrait de son sens. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION......................................................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................................................................iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................................................VIII LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................................................XI LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................XIV CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM.................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 THE REPLACEMENT MODEL AND ITS HISTORICAL ROOTS .......................................................... 6 THE DISCOVERY OF THE DEEP TIME OF HUMAN EVOLUTION ............................................................................ 8 EARLY HYPOTHESES ON MODERN HUMAN ORIGINS........................................................................................ 12 BREUIL, PEYRONY, GARROD, AND LARGE-SCALE MIGRATION MODELS ....................................................... 20 NEW HYPOTHESES ON A NEANDERTAL REPLACEMENT .................................................................................. 34 The Saint-Césaire discovery as a paradigm shift ..................................................................................... 34 THE EIGHTIES AND THE RE-FORMULATION OF REPLACEMENT AND CONTINUITY HYPOTHESES .................... 37 A NEW PLAYER: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY.......................................................................................................... 45 Basic principles about molecular evolution and phylogenetic reconstruction........................................ 45 A window on past population dynamics.................................................................................................... 48 PROBLEMS AND CONTRADICTIONS IN THE NEANDERTAL REPLACEMENT MODEL ......................................... 58 A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE MIDDLE TO UPPER PALEOLITHIC TRANSITION IN FRANCE AND CANTABRIA......... 74 The Châtelperronian phenomenon ............................................................................................................ 75 The Early Aurignacian............................................................................................................................... 79 Chronology of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in southwestern France............................... 81 CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 85 FORMULATION OF A TEST APPLICABLE TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS......................... 85 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL TEST...................................................................... 85 Assumptions underlying the test of the replacement model...................................................................... 86 Scenario 1: Migration of a limited number of modern human groups .................................................... 89 Scenario 2: A modern human expansion out of Africa............................................................................. 93 Displaced archaic sapiens?....................................................................................................................... 96 OPERATIONALIZING THE RESOURCE DEPRESSION HYPOTHESIS...................................................................... 96 MATERIALS FOR THE TEST............................................................................................................................. 103 CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 105 FAUNAL REMAINS AT SAINT-CESAIRE ............................................................................................... 105 PRESENTATION OF THE SAINT-CÉSAIRE SITE................................................................................................ 105 THE SITE STRATIGRAPHY............................................................................................................................... 107 CHRONOLOGY OF THE OCCUPATIONS............................................................................................................ 111 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF THE ASSEMBLAGES ............................................................................ 112 v
Page 1 and 2: LATE PLEISTOCENE POPULATION INTERAC
Page 3: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study is the r
Page 7 and 8: TESTING THE RESOURCE DEPRESSION HYP
Page 9 and 10: TABLE 39. PROPORTIONS OF LONG BONES
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. SIMPLIFIE
Page 13 and 14: FIGURE 82. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABU
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEA
Page 17 and 18: Mayr 1982; Stephens and Krebs 1986;
Page 19 and 20: The history and development of the
Page 21 and 22: It is often argued that this set of
Page 23 and 24: elaboration of the theory of natura
Page 25 and 26: Bordes (1959), and Bouchud (1965),
Page 27 and 28: of the first to emphasize continuit
Page 29 and 30: The “Cro-Magnon race” was consi
Page 31 and 32: Neandertals in our country, had to
Page 33 and 34: Krapina), McCown and Keith argued f
Page 35 and 36: “a substitution, probably violent
Page 37 and 38: Important advances were also being
Page 39 and 40: W. W. Howells, one of the strongest
Page 41 and 42: hypothesis began to lose ground, pr
Page 43 and 44: purported inter-stratification of t
Page 45 and 46: More theoretically oriented, Laplac
Page 47 and 48: some Neandertal genes were passed d
Page 49 and 50: 1996). However, recent work has rai
Page 51 and 52: The eighties and the re-formulation
Page 53 and 54: eminence is present on the mandible
Page 55 and 56:
Eswaran 2002), which emphasizes tha
Page 57 and 58:
(e.g., 1989a) to demonstrate that m
Page 59 and 60:
A new player: molecular biology The
Page 61 and 62:
meiosis, mtDNA does not recombine d
Page 63 and 64:
ecame known as the “Garden of Ede
Page 65 and 66:
The divergence date proposed by Ovc
Page 67 and 68:
egions of the human genome, includi
Page 69 and 70:
populations, should have been “er
Page 71 and 72:
y Wall (2000) and Relethford (2001a
Page 73 and 74:
simplistic interpretation of demogr
Page 75 and 76:
or more recent than previously thou
Page 77 and 78:
assumes that the Upper Paleolithic
Page 79 and 80:
Nonetheless, this is not to deny th
Page 81 and 82:
complexity of these technocomplexes
Page 83 and 84:
differences in artifact production
Page 85 and 86:
Bar-Yosef 2000, 2002). This analogy
Page 87 and 88:
subsistence problems in their purpo
Page 89 and 90:
These technocomplexes are found ass
Page 91 and 92:
in order to produce blades. Similar
Page 93 and 94:
very small (NISP=70), this new samp
Page 95 and 96:
2002; David 2002) for the Grotte du
Page 97 and 98:
these methods are based on differen
Page 99 and 100:
CHAPTER 3 FORMULATION OF A TEST APP
Page 101 and 102:
correct. This will allow for the ev
Page 103 and 104:
in France also support the notion t
Page 105 and 106:
too large (some 3,500 km) to be sim
Page 107 and 108:
the new environment, which decrease
Page 109 and 110:
etween the modern human colonizing
Page 111 and 112:
(Broughton 1994a). This concept lea
Page 113 and 114:
grease or transformed into bone cak
Page 115 and 116:
In the French Paleolithic, taxa sma
Page 117 and 118:
These lines of evidence are here us
Page 119 and 120:
CHAPTER 4 FAUNAL REMAINS AT SAINT-C
Page 121 and 122:
(Service Régional d’Archéologie
Page 123 and 124:
hearths (Backer 1994). Split-base b
Page 125 and 126:
Although the site is not protected
Page 127 and 128:
Tool Type n % sidescrapers 122 40.0
Page 129 and 130:
Denticulate Mousterian (EGPF) assem
Page 131 and 132:
cranium, as well as some teeth, amo
Page 133 and 134:
Approximately 5 % of the EJOP déca
Page 135 and 136:
Latin Name Common Name Latin Name C
Page 137 and 138:
In addition to NISP counts, MNI (Mi
Page 139 and 140:
Castel (1999a:25-27) extended this
Page 141 and 142:
the refitting program. However, bec
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 7. Bison metatarsal from Sai
Page 145 and 146:
considered abraded. Finally, very a
Page 147 and 148:
etouchers has yet to be investigate
Page 149 and 150:
Layer Total Bone Counts Pre-Refit N
Page 151 and 152:
odents, insectivores, and batracian
Page 153 and 154:
easons discussed later, MNE might b
Page 155 and 156:
horse and bison. The relative abund
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 11. Proportions of reindeer,
Page 159 and 160:
Auri 0? (6) Auri I (5) Evol Auri (4
Page 161 and 162:
arely perfectly dichotomous and are
Page 163 and 164:
analysis of three late Upper Paleol
Page 165 and 166:
Looking at taxonomic composition, t
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 12. Bison bodypart represent
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 15. Relative abundance of bi
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 17. Relative abundance of re
Page 173 and 174:
Moust (10) Châtel? Châtel (9) (8)
Page 175 and 176:
Châtelperronian (EJOP sup) The sam
Page 177 and 178:
identified in this sample compared
Page 179 and 180:
The Evolved Aurignacian EJM Reindee
Page 181 and 182:
CHAPTER 5 TAPHONOMY: FILTERING OUT
Page 183 and 184:
statements about past behavior, it
Page 185 and 186:
the fact that only 3 refit sets out
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 20. Comparison of the distri
Page 189 and 190:
As will become obvious in the next
Page 191 and 192:
Distance Away From the Cliff in Met
Page 193 and 194:
Figure 23. Abundance of NISP by lev
Page 195 and 196:
equidistance between the categories
Page 197 and 198:
taphonomic history. Because faunal
Page 199 and 200:
Figure 25. Schematic representation
Page 201 and 202:
p < 0.0001) may indicate that root
Page 203 and 204:
Edge abrasion can be useful for und
Page 205 and 206:
(Chase 1999), La Chaise (Costamagno
Page 207 and 208:
on the outer (cortical) face of the
Page 209 and 210:
totally unambiguous and calls for f
Page 211 and 212:
Figure 30. Saint-Césaire. Elements
Page 213 and 214:
assemblages made by carnivores from
Page 215 and 216:
Comparability of elements and ident
Page 217 and 218:
Degree of fragmentation, morphologi
Page 219 and 220:
common in the NSUTS sample, and mos
Page 221 and 222:
Figure 32. Saint-Césaire. Proporti
Page 223 and 224:
Regarding tooth fragments, most of
Page 225 and 226:
long bone epiphyses are affected by
Page 227 and 228:
surface area estimated by multiplyi
Page 229 and 230:
to other skeletal elements, althoug
Page 231 and 232:
To counter these problems, a counti
Page 233 and 234:
The problem is somewhat different w
Page 235 and 236:
dominated by species from different
Page 237 and 238:
may be used to test Klein’s (1989
Page 239 and 240:
(Figure 34). In contrast, mean leng
Page 241 and 242:
identification biases appear to exi
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 37. Reindeer cubo-navicular
Page 245 and 246:
NISP NSUTS Difference burned total
Page 247 and 248:
NISP NSUTS Difference burned total
Page 249 and 250:
urning and abundance cannot be expl
Page 251 and 252:
Specifically, the relation between
Page 253 and 254:
However, the inferences that can be
Page 255 and 256:
The fact that the abundance of some
Page 257 and 258:
Failure of one resource might have
Page 259 and 260:
Synchrony of birthing and migration
Page 261 and 262:
shorter day length compared to the
Page 263 and 264:
(1983) for the Pyrénées. Concerni
Page 265 and 266:
Garonne. A sample of D4 from this s
Page 267 and 268:
Methods used in this study for deri
Page 269 and 270:
season of death. Variation in the e
Page 271 and 272:
Number Age Class Correspondence wit
Page 273 and 274:
in the assemblages, the discussion
Page 275 and 276:
like the Abri Pataud or Saint-Césa
Page 277 and 278:
summary of data provided by various
Page 279 and 280:
shown to be flawed, one of the reas
Page 281 and 282:
that were 48-months old. However, t
Page 283 and 284:
circumference of the burr (the base
Page 285 and 286:
Figure 40. Measurements of the rein
Page 287 and 288:
Except for the skull bones, no epip
Page 289 and 290:
The developmental age predictions f
Page 291 and 292:
equator. Conception in late Pleisto
Page 293 and 294:
Unshed Antlers Shed Antlers Total l
Page 295 and 296:
Figure 44. Crown height measurement
Page 297 and 298:
addition, two shed antlers (one not
Page 299 and 300:
ased on its stratigraphic position.
Page 301 and 302:
all three, were from females. Colle
Page 303 and 304:
Numerous reindeer antlers were foun
Page 305 and 306:
ight humerus and a left femur, both
Page 307 and 308:
acquisition in spring through fall,
Page 309 and 310:
larger assemblages as well. Another
Page 311 and 312:
Horses appear to be restricted to t
Page 313 and 314:
patterns, excluding shed antlers. I
Page 315 and 316:
selected for transport according to
Page 317 and 318:
to utility, Spearman’s rho correl
Page 319 and 320:
Aurignacian I), all the assemblages
Page 321 and 322:
Figure 53. Relationship between the
Page 323 and 324:
increases the correlation in three
Page 325 and 326:
in transport decision-making than w
Page 327 and 328:
cannot be described accurately by b
Page 329 and 330:
Figure 56. Relationships between th
Page 331 and 332:
should be noted that the difference
Page 333 and 334:
it might be complicated to apply th
Page 335 and 336:
Abundance of Horse Skeletal Parts V
Page 337 and 338:
p < .02). This suggests that the Ch
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Interestingly, the marrow model pre
Page 343 and 344:
An alternative to the utility index
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
under-represented compared to the m
Page 349 and 350:
instead follows a power function (G
Page 351 and 352:
The scapula is under-represented in
Page 353 and 354:
eduction. Phalanges also decrease d
Page 355 and 356:
Were low-utility parts processed at
Page 357 and 358:
addition, one, and perhaps, both un
Page 359 and 360:
have been a post hoc activity carri
Page 361 and 362:
assemblages accumulated by Magdalen
Page 363 and 364:
These results suggest that carnivor
Page 365 and 366:
it was shown that this shift in car
Page 367 and 368:
and his team between 1949 and 1963
Page 369 and 370:
Most of the large ungulate remains
Page 371 and 372:
Reindeer exploitation in the Aurign
Page 373 and 374:
These comparisons can be extended t
Page 375 and 376:
cutmarked humerus from a fox may in
Page 377 and 378:
generally kept close to carrying ca
Page 379 and 380:
Although some cases are known of pa
Page 381 and 382:
Small assemblages like those of La
Page 383 and 384:
Magdalenian. In this region, ungula
Page 385 and 386:
alternative is that this occupation
Page 387 and 388:
(ts = 1.97, p < 0.05). This chronol
Page 389 and 390:
there has been a climatic deteriora
Page 391 and 392:
addition, differences in time span,
Page 393 and 394:
unreasonable to assume that human p
Page 395 and 396:
Human population densities, genetic
Page 397 and 398:
etoucher production and subsistence
Page 399 and 400:
CHAPTER 10 FINAL CONCLUSIONS AND RE
Page 401 and 402:
APPENDICES 387
Page 403 and 404:
Auri 0? (6) Auri I (5) Evol Auri (4
Page 405 and 406:
Les Galliformes sont représentés
Page 407 and 408:
(traces de racines, desquamation),
Page 409 and 410:
Appendix 3. MNE counts for reindeer
Page 411 and 412:
EJOP INF reindeer horse bison body
Page 413 and 414:
EJOP SUP reindeer horse bison body
Page 415 and 416:
EJOP reindeer horse bison body part
Page 417 and 418:
EJO INF reindeer horse bison body p
Page 419 and 420:
EJO SUP reindeer horse bison body p
Page 421 and 422:
EJO reindeer horse bison body part
Page 423 and 424:
EJF reindeer horse bison body part
Page 425 and 426:
EJM reindeer horse bison body part
Page 427 and 428:
EJJ reindeer horse bison body part
Page 429 and 430:
Appendix 4. Fetal age and correspon
Page 431 and 432:
age in days Femur Tibia Metatarsal
Page 433 and 434:
REFERENCES CITED ABRAMS, P.A. 2002.
Page 435 and 436:
BAZILE, F., and SICARD, S. 1999. Le
Page 437 and 438:
BONNISSENT, D. 1993. Choix et Explo
Page 439 and 440:
Membres des Grands Bovidés Pléist
Page 441 and 442:
l'Industrie Lithique. L'Apport de l
Page 443 and 444:
magadaléniens du bassin parisien.
Page 445 and 446:
Ancien en Europe, edited by C. Fari
Page 447 and 448:
HELLE, T. 1979. Sex segregation dur
Page 449 and 450:
381. KLEIN, R.G. 2003. Whither the
Page 451 and 452:
Adaptations at Saint-Césaire, Mono
Page 453 and 454:
MCKINLEY, V., and BURKE, A. 2000. A
Page 455 and 456:
OLIVER, J.S. 1993. Carcass processi
Page 457 and 458:
REIMERS, E. 1993. Antlerless female
Page 459 and 460:
SMITH, F.H., TRINKAUS, E., PETTIT,
Page 461 and 462:
of the Second International Reindee
Page 463 and 464:
VILLA, P., and D'ERRICO, F. 2001. B
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