late pleistocene population interaction in western europe

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Removing the femur from the samples increases the correlation in all four assemblages. On the other hand, when the sample is limited just to long bones (including the femur), the correlation coefficients decrease in the Denticulate Mousterian and Châtelperronian? samples, but remain high in the Châtelperronian and Aurignacian I samples. None of these correlations are significant, although those for the Denticulate Mousterian and Châtelperronian? samples are close to reaching significance. The decreased statistical significance of the long bone-only sample compared to the correlations obtained for all the elements is possibly explained by the under-identification of the femur and the small number of elements included. Relationships between abundance of bison skeletal parts and fat utility are displayed in Figure 53. The utility model used is the standardized Total Fat Model ([S]MAVGTF) for whole bones developed by Emerson (1993) for North American bison. In this model, “M” means that values are modified to account for the effect of riders. The Total Fat model is more narrowly defined than the FUI model and focuses only on skeletal, intramuscular, and dissectible fat utility (excluding stomach and intestinal deposits), and is modified to account for the effects of riders (Emerson 1993:140). This model is important as it measures a dimension said to be critical in populations under stress (Speth and Spielmann 1983; Speth 1990). In general, skeletal elements appear to correlate with fat utility in the Saint- Césaire assemblages (Table 61). Correlations are high, positive, and significant in the Châtelperronian and Aurignacian I assemblages, and close to reaching statistical significance in the Denticulate Mousterian. However, abundance of skeletal parts in the Châtelperronian? assemblage is not significantly correlated with fat. Excluding the femur 308
increases the correlation in three of the four assemblages but decreases it slightly in the Aurignacian I sample. Results for the long bone-only sample replicate exactly those obtained with the (S)AVGFUI model, which shows that both indices rank long bones identically. In addition to the previous indices, Emerson (1993) produced a (S)MAVGMAR index focusing on the caloric yield of bison marrow. This marrow index is standardized and modified to account for the effect of riders. Abundance of Bison Skeletal Parts Versus the Marrow and Skeletal Fat Models Marrow Skeletal Fat all elements all minus long bones all elements all minus long bones femur only femur only rho p rho p rho p rho p rho p rho p Aurignacian I (5) .821
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LATE PLEISTOCENE POPULATION INTERAC
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study is the r
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......
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TESTING THE RESOURCE DEPRESSION HYP
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TABLE 39. PROPORTIONS OF LONG BONES
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. SIMPLIFIE
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FIGURE 82. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABU
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEA
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Mayr 1982; Stephens and Krebs 1986;
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The history and development of the
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It is often argued that this set of
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elaboration of the theory of natura
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Bordes (1959), and Bouchud (1965),
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of the first to emphasize continuit
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The “Cro-Magnon race” was consi
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Neandertals in our country, had to
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Krapina), McCown and Keith argued f
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“a substitution, probably violent
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Important advances were also being
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W. W. Howells, one of the strongest
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hypothesis began to lose ground, pr
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purported inter-stratification of t
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More theoretically oriented, Laplac
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some Neandertal genes were passed d
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1996). However, recent work has rai
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The eighties and the re-formulation
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eminence is present on the mandible
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Eswaran 2002), which emphasizes tha
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(e.g., 1989a) to demonstrate that m
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A new player: molecular biology The
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meiosis, mtDNA does not recombine d
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ecame known as the “Garden of Ede
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The divergence date proposed by Ovc
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egions of the human genome, includi
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populations, should have been “er
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y Wall (2000) and Relethford (2001a
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simplistic interpretation of demogr
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or more recent than previously thou
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assumes that the Upper Paleolithic
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Nonetheless, this is not to deny th
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complexity of these technocomplexes
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differences in artifact production
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Bar-Yosef 2000, 2002). This analogy
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subsistence problems in their purpo
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These technocomplexes are found ass
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in order to produce blades. Similar
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very small (NISP=70), this new samp
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2002; David 2002) for the Grotte du
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these methods are based on differen
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CHAPTER 3 FORMULATION OF A TEST APP
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correct. This will allow for the ev
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in France also support the notion t
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too large (some 3,500 km) to be sim
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the new environment, which decrease
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etween the modern human colonizing
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(Broughton 1994a). This concept lea
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grease or transformed into bone cak
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In the French Paleolithic, taxa sma
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These lines of evidence are here us
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CHAPTER 4 FAUNAL REMAINS AT SAINT-C
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(Service Régional d’Archéologie
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hearths (Backer 1994). Split-base b
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Although the site is not protected
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Tool Type n % sidescrapers 122 40.0
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Denticulate Mousterian (EGPF) assem
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cranium, as well as some teeth, amo
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Approximately 5 % of the EJOP déca
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Latin Name Common Name Latin Name C
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In addition to NISP counts, MNI (Mi
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Castel (1999a:25-27) extended this
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the refitting program. However, bec
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Figure 7. Bison metatarsal from Sai
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considered abraded. Finally, very a
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etouchers has yet to be investigate
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Layer Total Bone Counts Pre-Refit N
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odents, insectivores, and batracian
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easons discussed later, MNE might b
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horse and bison. The relative abund
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Figure 11. Proportions of reindeer,
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Auri 0? (6) Auri I (5) Evol Auri (4
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arely perfectly dichotomous and are
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analysis of three late Upper Paleol
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Looking at taxonomic composition, t
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Figure 12. Bison bodypart represent
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Figure 15. Relative abundance of bi
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Figure 17. Relative abundance of re
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Moust (10) Châtel? Châtel (9) (8)
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Châtelperronian (EJOP sup) The sam
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identified in this sample compared
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The Evolved Aurignacian EJM Reindee
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CHAPTER 5 TAPHONOMY: FILTERING OUT
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statements about past behavior, it
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the fact that only 3 refit sets out
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Figure 20. Comparison of the distri
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As will become obvious in the next
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Distance Away From the Cliff in Met
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Figure 23. Abundance of NISP by lev
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equidistance between the categories
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taphonomic history. Because faunal
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Figure 25. Schematic representation
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p < 0.0001) may indicate that root
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Edge abrasion can be useful for und
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(Chase 1999), La Chaise (Costamagno
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on the outer (cortical) face of the
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totally unambiguous and calls for f
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Figure 30. Saint-Césaire. Elements
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assemblages made by carnivores from
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Comparability of elements and ident
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Degree of fragmentation, morphologi
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common in the NSUTS sample, and mos
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Figure 32. Saint-Césaire. Proporti
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Regarding tooth fragments, most of
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long bone epiphyses are affected by
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surface area estimated by multiplyi
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to other skeletal elements, althoug
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To counter these problems, a counti
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The problem is somewhat different w
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dominated by species from different
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may be used to test Klein’s (1989
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(Figure 34). In contrast, mean leng
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identification biases appear to exi
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Figure 37. Reindeer cubo-navicular
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NISP NSUTS Difference burned total
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NISP NSUTS Difference burned total
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urning and abundance cannot be expl
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Specifically, the relation between
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However, the inferences that can be
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The fact that the abundance of some
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Failure of one resource might have
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Synchrony of birthing and migration
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shorter day length compared to the
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(1983) for the Pyrénées. Concerni
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Garonne. A sample of D4 from this s
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Methods used in this study for deri
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season of death. Variation in the e
Page 271 and 272: Number Age Class Correspondence wit
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Page 277 and 278: summary of data provided by various
Page 279 and 280: shown to be flawed, one of the reas
Page 281 and 282: that were 48-months old. However, t
Page 283 and 284: circumference of the burr (the base
Page 285 and 286: Figure 40. Measurements of the rein
Page 287 and 288: Except for the skull bones, no epip
Page 289 and 290: The developmental age predictions f
Page 291 and 292: equator. Conception in late Pleisto
Page 293 and 294: Unshed Antlers Shed Antlers Total l
Page 295 and 296: Figure 44. Crown height measurement
Page 297 and 298: addition, two shed antlers (one not
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Page 301 and 302: all three, were from females. Colle
Page 303 and 304: Numerous reindeer antlers were foun
Page 305 and 306: ight humerus and a left femur, both
Page 307 and 308: acquisition in spring through fall,
Page 309 and 310: larger assemblages as well. Another
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Page 313 and 314: patterns, excluding shed antlers. I
Page 315 and 316: selected for transport according to
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Page 319 and 320: Aurignacian I), all the assemblages
Page 321: Figure 53. Relationship between the
Page 325 and 326: in transport decision-making than w
Page 327 and 328: cannot be described accurately by b
Page 329 and 330: Figure 56. Relationships between th
Page 331 and 332: should be noted that the difference
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Page 335 and 336: Abundance of Horse Skeletal Parts V
Page 337 and 338: p < .02). This suggests that the Ch
Page 339 and 340: Figure 58. Relationship between the
Page 341 and 342: Interestingly, the marrow model pre
Page 343 and 344: An alternative to the utility index
Page 345 and 346: Figure 60. Relationship between the
Page 347 and 348: under-represented compared to the m
Page 349 and 350: instead follows a power function (G
Page 351 and 352: The scapula is under-represented in
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Page 355 and 356: Were low-utility parts processed at
Page 357 and 358: addition, one, and perhaps, both un
Page 359 and 360: have been a post hoc activity carri
Page 361 and 362: assemblages accumulated by Magdalen
Page 363 and 364: These results suggest that carnivor
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Page 367 and 368: and his team between 1949 and 1963
Page 369 and 370: Most of the large ungulate remains
Page 371 and 372: Reindeer exploitation in the Aurign
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These comparisons can be extended t
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cutmarked humerus from a fox may in
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generally kept close to carrying ca
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Although some cases are known of pa
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Small assemblages like those of La
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Magdalenian. In this region, ungula
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alternative is that this occupation
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(ts = 1.97, p < 0.05). This chronol
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there has been a climatic deteriora
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addition, differences in time span,
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unreasonable to assume that human p
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Human population densities, genetic
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etoucher production and subsistence
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CHAPTER 10 FINAL CONCLUSIONS AND RE
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APPENDICES 387
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Auri 0? (6) Auri I (5) Evol Auri (4
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Les Galliformes sont représentés
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(traces de racines, desquamation),
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Appendix 3. MNE counts for reindeer
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EJOP INF reindeer horse bison body
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EJOP SUP reindeer horse bison body
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EJOP reindeer horse bison body part
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EJO INF reindeer horse bison body p
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EJO SUP reindeer horse bison body p
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EJO reindeer horse bison body part
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EJF reindeer horse bison body part
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EJM reindeer horse bison body part
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EJJ reindeer horse bison body part
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Appendix 4. Fetal age and correspon
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age in days Femur Tibia Metatarsal
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REFERENCES CITED ABRAMS, P.A. 2002.
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BAZILE, F., and SICARD, S. 1999. Le
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BONNISSENT, D. 1993. Choix et Explo
Page 439 and 440:
Membres des Grands Bovidés Pléist
Page 441 and 442:
l'Industrie Lithique. L'Apport de l
Page 443 and 444:
magadaléniens du bassin parisien.
Page 445 and 446:
Ancien en Europe, edited by C. Fari
Page 447 and 448:
HELLE, T. 1979. Sex segregation dur
Page 449 and 450:
381. KLEIN, R.G. 2003. Whither the
Page 451 and 452:
Adaptations at Saint-Césaire, Mono
Page 453 and 454:
MCKINLEY, V., and BURKE, A. 2000. A
Page 455 and 456:
OLIVER, J.S. 1993. Carcass processi
Page 457 and 458:
REIMERS, E. 1993. Antlerless female
Page 459 and 460:
SMITH, F.H., TRINKAUS, E., PETTIT,
Page 461 and 462:
of the Second International Reindee
Page 463 and 464:
VILLA, P., and D'ERRICO, F. 2001. B
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