Aflatoxin: A Synthesis of the Research in Health, Agriculture and Trade

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42 G., & Phillips, t. D. (2010). hiV and hepatocellular and esophageal carcinomas related to consumption of mycotoxin-prone foods in Sub- Saharan Africa. American Society for Nutrition 92: 154–160. Wu, f. & Khlangwiset, P. (2010). health economic impacts and cost-effectiveness of aflatoxin reduction strategies in Africa: case studies in biocontrol and post-harvest interventions. Food Additives & Contaminants, 27: 496–509. Wu, f., narrod, c., tiongco, M., & liu, y. (2011). The Health Economics of Aflatoxin: Global Burden of Disease. Aflacontrol, ifRPRi. Working Paper 4. february 2011. younis, y. M. h., & Malik, K. M. (2003). tlc and hPlc assays of aflatoxin contamination in Sudanese peanuts and peanut products. Kuwait J. Sci. Eng.:30:1:79–94.
3 “Even low levels of aflatoxin may have long-term effects on livestock, poultry, and animal products.” AGRicUltURe Summary Aflatoxin contamination poses a serious risk to the farming industry with moderate to high levels of aflatoxin causing morbidity and mortality for both humans and livestock. ongoing low levels of aflatoxin may cause long-term effects in livestock, poultry, and animal products such as meat, eggs, and dairy products. While the aflatoxin monitoring infrastructure in place in developed countries would be difficult to readily implement in the developing world, there are some relatively less expensive interventions that can be implemented pre- and postharvest. Methods of pre-harvest handling to avoid aflatoxin contamination preharvest include the use of biocontrols, crop rotation, competitive displacement, and the use of different strains of maize and other crops. Use of interventions to reduce exposure to environmental stress can reduce aflatoxin contamination. Best practices for post-harvest handling include proper drying and processing, in addition to temperate, dry, pest-free storage. Strategies to eliminate or limit the spread of aflatoxin contamination once crops have been harvested include food processing, storage strategies such as drying and improving conditions, and measures that are suitable and appropriately tailored for specific agro-ecological zones. implementing a package or set of procedures to prevent aflatoxin contamination of crops is more effective than traditional post-harvest procedures and has reduced post-harvest exposure in the food chain by more than half. Studies have shown that foods contaminated by aflatoxins can be detoxified through the use of inorganic salts and organic acids, ammoniation, and use of aflatoxin B 1 binding agents. innovative research is currently ongoing on methods to detoxify contaminated crops using natural acids, salts and plant extracts. Ammoniation of crops also boosts deliverable protein in animal feed. Alternate uses of aflatoxin-contaminated crops include animal feed (if levels are sufficiently low), and ethanol production for biofuels. the pros and cons of these alternatives have been reviewed below. intRoDUction Aflatoxin contamination poses a serious risk to the farming industry; moderate to high levels of aflatoxin can cause illness in humans and livestock. even low levels of aflatoxin may have long-term effects on livestock, poultry, and animal products. Several methods of pre-harvest handling and best practices for post-harvest handling can reduce contamination. currently, researchers are examining the effects of natural acids, salts, and plant extracts to detoxify contaminated crops. A more common method is ammoniation, or treating contaminated crops with ammonia vapor, which eliminates the aflatoxinproducing fungus, A. flavus. 43
Page 1: AflAtoxin A SyntheSiS of the ReSeAR
Page 4 and 5: 4. trade 67 Summary 67 A. introduct
Page 6 and 7: AcRonyMS AGoA African Growth and op
Page 8 and 9: 40° global areas that are at risk
Page 10 and 11: “Exposure to aflatoxins leads to
Page 12 and 13: “Chronic aflatoxicosis occurs mor
Page 14 and 15: Western Pacific 20% Southeast Asia
Page 16 and 17: country Figure 7. Aflatoxin Exposur
Page 18 and 19: “...a possible link between the H
Page 20 and 21: “Aflatoxin contamination of maize
Page 22 and 23: “A high incidence of mycotoxin co
Page 24 and 25: “The Gambia Hepatitis Interventio
Page 26 and 27: in infancy is the most effective ap
Page 28 and 29: “An early warning system must inc
Page 30 and 31: enDnoteS 1 Wu, f., narrod, c., tion
Page 32 and 33: 33 liu & Wu, 2010. 34 fehD, 2001. 3
Page 34 and 35: 65 idris, y. M. A., Mariod, A. A.,
Page 36 and 37: 100 Kao J. h., & chen D. S., (2002)
Page 38 and 39: essono, G. , Ayodele, M., Akoa, A.,
Page 40 and 41: ngoko, Z., Marasas, W. f. o., Rheed
Page 44 and 45: “In the prevention of aflatoxin,
Page 46 and 47: “The application of atoxigenic st
Page 48 and 49: “The participatory plant breeding
Page 50 and 51: “When leaks occur, documentation
Page 52 and 53: Figure 13. Rate of Insect and Funga
Page 54 and 55: “In many cases, co-products or by
Page 56 and 57: “Supplementing potentially aflato
Page 58 and 59: separated into four groups: group A
Page 60 and 61: 15 cotty, P. J. & Jaime-Garcia, R.
Page 62 and 63: (2011). occurrence and decontaminat
Page 64 and 65: elzupir, A. o., younis, y. M. h., f
Page 66 and 67: Schroeder, J. W. (1997). corn glute
Page 68 and 69: intRoDUction Rising standards and l
Page 70 and 71: “As of 2003, aflatoxin regulation
Page 72 and 73: “Compliance costs associated with
Page 74 and 75: “...Kenya’s trade policies have
Page 76 and 77: consequences, and interventions. Th
Page 78 and 79: otsuki, t., Wilson, J. S., & Sewade
Page 80: 80 which leads to the loss of liver

Aflatoxin: A Synthesis of the Research in Health, Agriculture and Trade

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