School of Computing / Skool vir Rekenaarkunde - Name

Advanced Systems Analysis and Development 

Gevorderde Stelselontleding en Ontwikkeling 

INF305F / SWE401I / SED401I 

Tutorial Letter 101 / Studiebrief 101 

READ THIS FIRST – IT INCLUDES COMPULSORY ASSIGNMENTS. 

LEES EERSTE – DIT BEVAT VERPLIGTE WERKOPDRAGTE. 

Please see the important notice on the first page with regard to rules for 

examination admission for 2009. 

Let asseblief op die belangrike nota op die eerste bladsy m.b.t. reëls vir 

eksamentoelating vir 2009. 

School of Computing / Skool vir Rekenaarkunde 

INF305F/101/2009 

SWE401I/101/2009 

SED401I/101/2009

Important notice: 

2 

Since 2005 the national Department of Education has required that in order to be considered 

for examination admission a student must submit at least one assignment before 20 June 

2009. 

Belangrike nota: 

Vanaf 2005 vereis die nasionale Departement van Opvoeding dat, om vir eksamentoelating 

in aanmerking te kom, moet 'n student ten minste een werkopdrag voor 20 Junie 2009 

indien. 

Hierdie studiebrief is slegs in Engels beskikbaar. Indien u sukkel om sekere dele van die 

inhoud te verstaan, kontak gerus u dosente. 

Note that the course material for INF305F, SED401I and SWE401I is the same. You are 

registered for one of the three codes if you receive this tutorial letter. The prescribed book 

and assignments are the same. Please read through all the tutorial matter carefully to ensure 

that you understand the necessary procedures applicable to the course. 

Assignments 

For detailed information and requirements as far as assignments are concerned, see the booklet 

Services and procedures, which you received with your tutorial matter. 

To submit an assignment via myUnisa, do the following: 

1 Go to myUnisa. 

2 Log in with your student number and password. 

3 Select the module from the orange bar. 

4 Click on assignments in the left menu. 

5 Click on the number of the assignment you want to submit. 

6 Follow the instructions. 

The Department of Despatch should supply you with Tutorial letter 101 and Tutorial letter 501 (the 

study guide) Some of this tutorial matter may not be available when you register. We suggest that you 

download the material from the Osprey website (sections 3.3 and 8.3).Tutorial matter that is not 

available when you register will be posted to you as soon as possible. 

Inventory letter: When you register, you will receive an inventory letter containing information about 

your tutorial matter. See also the Services and procedures booklet (which you received with your 

tutorial matter).

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Contents 

INF305F/ SWE401I/SED401I /101 

1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 5 

2 ABOUT THIS MODULE .............................................................................................................................. 5 

3 COMMUNICATION WITH UNISA AND FELLOW STUDENTS................................................................. 5 

3.1 WHOM TO PHONE FOR WHAT? .................................................................................................................... 5 

3.2 COMMUNICATION CHANNELS ...................................................................................................................... 6 

3.3 INTERNET ACCESS TO ONLINE MATERIAL AND DISCUSSION FORUM ................................................................ 6 

3.4 DISCUSSION FORUM .................................................................................................................................. 7 

3.5 EMAIL ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 

3.6 PHONE CALLS ........................................................................................................................................... 8 

3.7 NO FAXING PLEASE ................................................................................................................................... 8 

3.8 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION ........................................................................................................................ 8 

3.9 COMMUNICATION WITH OTHER MODULE STUDENTS ...................................................................................... 9 

4 ISSUES PERTAINING TO THIS MODULE ................................................................................................ 9 

4.1 PREREQUISITE SKILLS ............................................................................................................................... 9 

4.2 COOPERATIVE LEARNING (GROUP WORK) ................................................................................................... 9 

5 STUDY MATERIAL .................................................................................................................................... 9 

5.1 PRESCRIBED TEXTBOOK ............................................................................................................................ 9 

5.2 STUDY GUIDE .......................................................................................................................................... 10 

6 SYLLABUS .................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 

7 EXAMINATION MATTERS ...................................................................................................................... 11 

7.1 ENQUIRIES ABOUT DATES AND VENUES ..................................................................................................... 11 

7.2 A SPECIAL EXAMINATION TUTORIAL LETTER ............................................................................................... 11 

7.3 EXAMINATION ADMISSION ........................................................................................................................ 11 

8 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................... 12 

8.1 I CANNOT FIND THE TEXTBOOK ................................................................................................................. 12 

8.2 I HAVE NOT RECEIVED CERTAIN STUDY MATERIAL ...................................................................................... 12 

8.3 DOWNLOADING STUDY MATERIAL FROM THE WEB ...................................................................................... 12 

8.4 I WANT TO FORM A STUDY GROUP – WHERE DO I FIND THE OTHER STUDENTS? ............................................ 13 

8.5 WHEN DO I GET MY ASSIGNMENT BACK? ................................................................................................... 13 

8.6 WHAT MARKS DID I GET FOR MY ASSIGNMENT? ......................................................................................... 13 

9 ASSIGNMENT MATTERS ........................................................................................................................ 13 

9.1 DUE DATES ............................................................................................................................................. 13 

9.2 STRUCTURE OF THE ASSIGNMENTS .......................................................................................................... 14 

Page

4 

9.3 YEAR MARK ............................................................................................................................................ 14 

9.4 MODEL SOLUTIONS .................................................................................................................................. 14 

9.5 SUBMITTING AN ASSIGNMENT ................................................................................................................... 14 

9.6 HAVE WE RECEIVED YOUR ASSIGNMENT? ................................................................................................. 15 

9.7 RELATION BETWEEN ASSIGNMENTS AND THE EXAMINATION ........................................................................ 15 

ASSIGNMENT 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 16 

ASSIGNMENT 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 30 

ASSIGNMENT 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 45 

ASSIGNMENT 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 50

1 Introduction 

5 


We present you with a comprehensive first tutorial letter to assist you in the best possible way 

to make sure that you have effective interaction with the lecturers for this module. 

2 About this module 

“When computer software succeeds – when it meets the needs of the people who use it, 

when it performs flawlessly over a long period of time, when it is easy to modify and even 

easier to use – it can and does change things for the better. But when software fails – when 

its users are dissatisfied, when it is error prone, when it is difficult to change and even harder 

to use – bad things can and do happen” (Pressman, 2005). 

This is the opening paragraph of the prescribed book, Software engineering: A practitioner’s 

approach by Roger S Pressman, and it summarises the goal of this module – looking at the 

actions involved in building and maintaining software from a software engineering approach. 

Prescribing a relevant, usable, user-friendly, affordable textbook is a particularly difficult task. 

We went through a number of books in search of a prescribed book that addresses the 

important issues in software engineering, and we finally decided on Pressman’s book. He is a 

well-known author in this specific application domain, and we believe that the students taking 

this course will gain not only from the chapters that we cover in depth but also from the 

chapters that we designate as reading material. 

We trust that you will find the course interesting and enriching! 

3 Communication with Unisa and fellow students 

3.1 Whom to phone for what? 

You should have received a booklet called Services and procedures during registration. This 

booklet contains all the important telephone numbers that you may need during this year. 

Consult it for the necessary contact people. (Part 1 of the Calendar contains much of this 

information, too.) Please do not telephone the lecturers for services supplied by support 

departments. In respect of all administrative enquiries, use only the telephone and fax of the 

Unisa Contact Centre. Enquiries will then be channelled to the respective departments.

• Calls – RSA only: 0861 670 411 

• International calls: +27 11 670 9000 

• Fax number: 012 429 4150 / +27 12 429 4150 

• Email: study-info@unisa.ac.za 

• Lecturers for this module COS-ALL/2009 tutorial letter 

6 

COMMUNICATION WITH THE UNIVERSITY 

Contact addresses of the various administrative departments are included in Services and 

procedures. Always have your student number at hand when you call the University. 

Departmental telephone numbers are available in one of the COS-ALL tutorial letters. 

3.2 Communication channels 

To increase the efficiency of managing this course, we have prioritised our communication 

channels. Too much time is often wasted on inefficiency, so that students have to call Unisa 

repeatedly or have to hold on until they get through to the right person, before finally resolving 

the query they had. By placing a priority on the communication channel, we provide a 

guarantee of a rapid response time. In the following table, we list the available communication 

channels in order of highest to lowest priority and then discuss each one in the subsequent 

paragraphs. 

Channel Advantages General response time 

Discussion 

forum 

Internet 

access 

Transparency – students often experience the same types of problems, 

and if a query is placed on the discussion forum, everybody has access 

to the question as well as its answer. 

Much of the material that is available in printed form is available much 

sooner on the web for downloading. 

Email Please use the course email address. Do not send mail to lecturers 

directly. 

The same or next working 

day 

Immediately 

The same or next working 

day 

Telephone Immediately, if available 

Written letters Within 2–6 weeks 

3.3 Internet access to online material and discussion forum 

We have a departmental web server that is used as internet access for students enrolled for 

Computer Science or Information System modules. It is also accessible through the 

addresses http://osprey.unisa.ac.za, http://it.unisa.ac.za, or http://cs.unisa.ac.za. 

To access the material and the discussion forums, click on the Registered Student tab, click 

on your courses, submit, and refresh the screen. The material and discussion forum will be on

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your left-hand side. The login and access code for 2009 will be given in a general tutorial 

letter to students, but it could be as follows: 

Login: MYDOWNLOAD 

Password: SOC2009 

During January 2009 the login/password combination for downloads will change from 

MYDOWNLOAD/SOC2008 to MYDOWNLOAD/SOC2009. However, 2008 material may no 

longer be available for download in January 2009. You must therefore ensure that you have 

downloaded all the material you may require for supplementary examinations by 31 December 

2008!! 

The course material for the School of Computing is available only on the Computer Science 

and Information Systems departmental web server and not on myUnisa. 

Unisa also has other web servers. An important one is the myUnisa server. This server is one 

of the Unisa servers that provide student administration services where you can do electronic 

submissions of assignments, check your records, and so on. 

3.4 Discussion forum 

Each web page has a unique discussion forum. This is different from the general discussion 

forum that Unisa provides on the myUnisa server. In this course we will use the discussion 

forum that can be found on the IT server for course-related matters. Because the discussion 

forum on myUnisa is cluttered with all the courses on the same forum, we find it very difficult 

to have serious discussions among all the opinions that are aired there. 

We use the discussion forum as our main communication channel. If you have internet 

access, please access it regularly (once a week is fine). If you do not have internet access, 

do not worry; we will not put any new learning matter on the discussion forum. We use it to 

clear up problems and give some quick advice on queries that come in. For example, if a 

number of students contact us with a particular question on an assignment, we display 

comments and hints on that question so that everyone can see how to approach a solution. 

To access the discussion forum for this module, you must set up your browser only once. The 

procedure is the same as the one described in section 3.3. The first time that you go to the 

departmental website, go to osprey.unisa.ac.za, click on the Registered Student tab, click on 

your courses, submit, refresh the screen, and the discussion forum will be on your left-hand 

side.

3.5 Email 

We earnestly request that you use the discussion forum for all electronic communication. 

There are different threads in the discussion forum. Please use it to direct all your queries; 

and please use the module discussion forum instead of the module email. 

8 

Reserve your email messages for highly personal matters. The email address for this module 

is inf305@osprey.unisa.ac.za – please put your student number and course number next to 

the subject line; otherwise it may be deleted as spam. 

Please do not use the personal email addresses of the lecturing staff. The above address will 

ensure that your email will be answered even if a particular lecturer is not available. 

3.6 Phone calls 

You are more than welcome to call us, but please consult your tutorial letters first to see 

whether we have not already addressed your queries. Since most students experience the 

same problems, we address the most common problems in the tutorial letters. 

Remember that we are sometimes not available due to other departmental or university 

duties. If you fail to reach us directly, please call the departmental secretary, who will be able 

to inform you about when we will be available or will take a message, in which case you 

should state the reason for your call and your name, student number and telephone number. 

The departmental secretary’s number is 012 429 6122. 

3.7 No faxing please 

Due to the high cost, our department has a policy of not faxing material to students. However, 

we do get quite a number of students faxing us, for example to request extensions on certain 

assignments, and requesting that we contact them in return. Facsimiles place an 

unnecessary administrative burden on the staff since there is only one fax machine in the 

office of a secretary. However, each lecturer has a telephone and email facilities on his/her 

desk. With large modules, the burden simply becomes too large to carry if the lecturers have 

to go looking for faxes. Please, if you need to contact us urgently, use the discussion forum, 

phone or email. 

3.8 Written communication 

Please mention your student number in all written communication. All academic matters can 

be addressed to: 

The Registrar 

Unisa

PO Box 392 

Pretoria 

0003 

Letters on any aspects regarding the module should be addressed to: 

The Lecturer (INF305F/SWE401I/SED401I) 

School of Computing 

Unisa 

PO Box 392 

Pretoria 

0003 

3.9 Communication with other module students 

9 


Phone the Unisa Contact Centre and ask for a list of students of this module in your 

environment, or join our discussion forum and start communicating with other students. 

4 Issues pertaining to this module 

4.1 Prerequisite skills 

Students enrolled for this module must have a background in systems analysis and design 

obtained through previous undergraduate course work. 

4.2 Cooperative learning (group work) 

In this module you may work in groups, but each person must submit his/her own 

assignment. Take note that members of a group cannot all submit a copy of the same 

assignment; each person must submit his/her own assignment, using his/her own words to 

describe the solution. If you work in a group, it is important to say who worked together, so 

that we can evaluate submitted assignments in that light. 

5 Study material 

5.1 Prescribed textbook 

The following textbook (referred to as Pressman in the remaining text) is prescribed for this 

module:

Pressman, Roger S. 2005. Software engineering: A practitioner’s approach. 6th edition. 

McGraw-Hill. 

10 

• Important: According to McGraw-Hill, the 7th edition will be available in March 2009. 

However, do not buy the 7th edition. At the time of setting this tutorial letter, we did not 

have access to the 7th edition and therefore cannot prescribe it for 2009! All the 

bookshops will be urged to buy the 6th edition, and we do not take responsibility if you buy 

the wrong one. 

• A hardcover and softcover copy are available. The softcover copy is much cheaper than 

the hardcover copy. 

• Please buy the book as soon as you register for the course. More than one university 

prescribes the book, and if you wait until May to buy it, you will probably not find a copy. 

• Note that Pressman will be cheaper if you buy it in South Africa at a local bookstore than 

from an online bookstore. At the time of writing this tutorial letter, the price at American 

online bookstores was between $110 and $120. We recommend that you first phone the 

list of bookstores in Services and procedures to get the local price for the book before 

using an online store. 

Please consult the list of official booksellers and their addresses in Services and procedures. 

If you have any difficulty obtaining books from these bookshops, please ring the Contact 

Centre as soon as possible. 

5.2 Study guide 

We do not wish to burden you with much more reading material than is already accessible 

through the textbook. In Tutorial letter 501 you will find answers to selected questions at the 

end of some of the chapters included in this course. 

6 Syllabus 

We use the textbook and additional material that we send out in the form of tutorial letters. 

The 6th edition of Software engineering: A practitioner’s approach contains 32 chapters 

organised into five parts. The book is approximately 900 pages in length. For this course, only 

the following will be covered: 

Chapter heading Comments Pages to 

study 

Chapter 1: Software and software engineering Study 19 

Chapter 2: Process: A generic review Study 24 

Chapter 3: Prescriptive process models Study 25

Chapter 4: Agile development Study 23 

Chapter 5: Practice: A generic view Study 25 

Chapter 6: Systems engineering Read 29 

Chapter 7: Requirements engineering Study 32 

Chapter 8: Analysis modelling Study 50 

Chapter 9: Design engineering Study 27 

Chapter 10: Architectural design Study (10.1–10.3) 11 

Chapter 11: Component-level design Study 31 

Chapter 13: Software testing strategies Study 33 

Chapter 14: Software testing techniques Study (14.1–14.3) 4 

Chapter 16: Web engineering Study 13 

Total number of pages: 306 

7 Examination matters 

7.1 Enquiries about dates and venues 

11 


Unisa is an enormous institution and we, the lecturers, have nothing to do with examinations 

except for setting the paper – long before October/November – and receiving the papers 

afterwards for marking. We can therefore not give you any relevant information regarding 

examination dates or venues. Please ring the Contact Centre for examination details. Take 

note of the dates of your examinations and arrange with your employer for leave in good time. 

Check that there are no clashes on your examination timetable. Should there be any such 

clashes, kindly inform the Contact Centre without delay or Examination Administration (fax 

012 429 4150 or email exams@unisa.ac.za or). 

7.2 A special examination tutorial letter 

A special examination tutorial letter will be sent to you informing you of any issues regarding 

the paper – such as the format of the paper, text to be omitted (if any), etc. 

7.3 Examination admission 

You gain admission to the examination by submitting one assignment before 20 June 2009. 

Note that this assignment must be done satisfactorily. For a written assignment or answer you 

maynot submit just one or two sentences. For assignments in multiple-choice format, you 

may not submit an empty assignment – you have to select an answer for each question. For 

your year mark (see section 9.3) you need to submit Assignment 3.

8 Frequently asked questions 

12 

There are various reasons why you may wish to contact Unisa. However, too often you are 

put on hold and have to go from one person to another before you finally reach the correct 

person. Therefore, in this section, in this section we provide a list of common reasons why 

students contact us and information on how to address these problems in the most efficient 

and quickest possible way. 

8.1 I cannot find the textbook 

As previously mentioned, Pressman’s book is a very popular one, and more than one 

university prescribes it. Please buy the book as soon as possible to ensure that you do not 

have difficulty in obtaining it later on. 

Do not contact the lecturers if you have problems obtaining the textbook. Unfortunately we 

cannot help with the availability of textbooks since we have no contact with the book dealers. 

Use the following guidelines if you experience difficulty in obtaining a textbook: 

1 If your university book dealer does not have the book in stock, ask them to put your 

name on their order list so that they can contact you as soon as the new stock arrives. 

2 If your university book dealer cannot help you, call the Contact Centre for further advice. 

8.2 I have not received certain study material 

Printed material is distributed only by the Despatch Department. Unfortunately our 

department does not have the facilities to fax copies of any study material. You can also visit 

our website (osprey.unisa.ac.za) and download the specific material if it is available (see 

section 3.3). Please note that you need to access the INF305F course code, even if you are 

registered for SWE401I or SED401I, in order to gain access to the course material. 

8.3 Downloading study material from the web 

Please note the following: 

• Due to copyright regulations, we will not necessarily place all the material on the web. 

• The material placed on the web will be in PDF format. Please download the PDF reader 

from our website and install it on your machine (once). 

Set up your browser as indicated in section 3.4 on the discussion forum. The downloadable 

material for each course is listed on the right-hand side of our web page. To download, do the 

following:

1 Click on a specific course. 

2 Select the file that you want to download, by right-clicking on it. 

3 Choose the option "Save as" and save on your hard drive. 

13 


8.4 I want to form a study group – where do I find the other students? 

The lecturers may not distribute any personal information about any student. However, on the 

registration form that each student completes at the beginning of the academic year/term, the 

University requires to know whether or not it may distribute the student’s contact details to 

other students. This information is available via the Contact Centre. If you need contact 

information about other students in your area, the Contact Centre can assist you in obtaining 

the necessary information. 

8.5 When do I get my assignment back? 

Turnaround time for marking is commonly between 4 and 5 weeks. If you have not received 

your assignment back after this time, please read the discussion forum to see if any delays 

are being experienced, or phone the Contact Centre. 

8.6 What marks did I get for my assignment? 

As soon as your assignment is marked, the mark will be displayed on the myUnisa system. 

Usually the multiple-choice assignment marks are available 2 to 3 weeks after the due date. 

Written assignments may take longer. 

9 Assignment matters 

There are four assignments for this course. To gain examination admission you need to 

complete either assignment 1 or assignment 2. To gain a year mark, you must submit 

Assignment 3. We advise you to complete all the assignments to prepare yourself for the 

exams. 

9.1 Due dates 

ASSIGNMENT DUE DATE NOTICE 

Assignment 1 Multiple-choice 28 March 2009 Used for exam admission 

Assignment 2 – Multiple-choice 1 May 2009 Used for exam admission 

Assignment 3 – Written 5 July 2009 Used for year mark calculation 

Assignment 4 – Self-evaluation

9.2 Structure of the assignments 

Assignments are structured as either multiple-choice or written assignments. 

Multiple-choice assignments 

14 

Two of the four assignments are multiple-choice assignments, which should either be 

completed on the computer mark-reading sheet issued to you during registration, or be 

submitted electronically through myUnisa. Each of the multiple-choice assignments is marked 

electronically on a predetermined date. For example, if the submission date for a particular 

assignment is 28 March and the scheduled marking date is 28 March, then all submitted 

assignments will be marked through batch processing by the computer one or two days after 

the due date. 

Written assignments 

Assignments 3 and 4 are written assignments. Assignment 3 is used to determine your year 

mark. Assignment 4 is for self-evaluation and can be used to provide additional examples in 

your preparation for the November/January examination. 

9.3 Year mark 

Each module leader may decide which assignments will count towards the year mark. For 

INF305F/SED401I/SWE401I you will receive a possible mark out of 10, which will count 

towards your final mark for the year. For this module, we will use the mark that you receive for 

Assignment 3. 

9.4 Model solutions 

Model solutions for Assignments 1 to 3 will be posted to the module website 2 to 3 weeks 

after the due date of each assignment. A single printed version of solutions will also be sent 

to you. 

9.5 Submitting an assignment 

You can submit your assignments in several ways: 

1 electronically through the myUnisa server 

2 by postal mail 

3 by placing them in one of Unisa’s assignment boxes 

Postal or assignment-box submission of an assignment 

1 Complete your assignment and place it in an assignment cover provided during 

registration.

15 


2 Put your assignment in an envelope and submit it using the postal mail or one of Unisa’s 

assignment mail boxes. 

Electronic submission of an assignment 

1 Click on the electronic submission link on myUnisa for INF305F, SWE401I or SED401I 

(depending on which one you are registered for) and complete your answers on the 

sheet provided for the applicable assignment. 

2 Upload your assignment. 

9.6 Have we received your assignment? 

If you used myUnisa to upload your assignment, you should immediately see that the 

assignment is on the system, next to the applicable assignment in the assignment list. If not, 

re-enter your answers. If you used the postal system, check myUnisa 2 to 3 days after 

submitting your assignment. If it is not on the system, resubmit your assignment. Always keep 

copies of your answers so as to be able to give us a copy in case something goes wrong. 

It is your responsibility to check whether your assignment was received by Unisa or not. We 

will be lenient with problems until one week after the due date. After this date we will not 

consider any pleas regarding lost assignments. 

9.7 Relation between assignments and the examination 

Our assignments are designed with at least two goals in mind: 

1 to make sure that you actually go through the work during the year and don't try to do it 

all in the week before the examinations (this is accomplished through the multiple-choice 

questions given to you in the assignments) 

2 to teach you how to think and argue critically on issues in this module

Assignment 1 

16 

Submission date: 28 March 2009 

Credits: 70 credits 

Unique number: 523111 for INF305F; 150308 for SED401I; 536357 for SWE401I 

Notice: This is one of the two possible assignments that you can complete 

for examination admission. Assignment 1 relates to chapters 1–7. 

Chapter 1 

1 Software deteriorates rather than wears out because ______. 

1 software suffers from exposure to hostile environments 

2 defects are more likely to arise after software has been used often 

3 multiple change requests introduce errors in component interactions 

4 software spare parts become harder to order 

2 Most software continues to be custom-built because ______. 

1 component reuse is common in the software world 

2 reusable components are too expensive to use 

3 software is easier to build without using someone else’s components 

4 off-the-shelf software components are available in many application domains 

3 The nature of software applications can be characterised by their information ______. 

1 complexity 

2 content 

3 determinacy 

4 Both 2 and 3. 

4 Modern software applications are so complex that it is hard to develop mutually exclusive 

category names. 

1 true 

2 false 

5 The so-called “new economy” that gripped commerce and finance during the 1990s died 

and no longer influences decisions made by businesses and software engineers. 

1 true 

2 false

17 


6 The functionality of most computer systems does not need to be enhanced during the 

lifetime of the system. 

1 true 

2 false 

7 Change cannot be easily accommodated in most software systems, unless the system 

was designed with change in mind. 

1 true 

2 false 

Chapter 2 

8 Which of the items listed below is not one of the software engineering layers? 

1 process 

2 manufacturing 

3 methods 

4 tools 

9 Which of these are the five generic software engineering framework activities? 

1 communication, planning, modelling, construction, deployment 

2 communication, risk management, measurement, production, reviewing 

3 analysis, designing, programming, debugging, maintenance 

4 analysis, planning, designing, programming, testing 

10 Process models are described as agile because they ______. 

1 eliminate the need for cumbersome documentation 

2 emphasise manoeuvrability and adaptability 

3 do not waste development time on planning activities 

4 make extensive use of prototype creation 

11 Which of these terms are level names in the Capability Maturity Model? 

1 performed 

2 repeated 

3 reused 

4 optimised 

5 Both 1 and 4.

12 Which of these are standards for assessing software processes? 

1 SEI 

2 SPICE 

3 ISO 19002 

4 ISO 9001 


18 

13 The best software process model is one that has been created by the people who will 

actually be doing the work. 

1 true 

2 false 

14 Which of these is not a characteristic of the personal software process (PSP)? 

1 emphasises personal measurement of work product 

2 practitioner requires careful supervision by the project manager 

3 individual practitioner is responsible for estimating and scheduling 

4 practitioner is empowered to control quality of software work products 

15 Which of these are objectives of the team software process (TSP)? 

1 Accelerate software process improvement. 

2 Allow better time management by highly trained professionals. 

3 Build self-directed software teams. 

4 Show managers how to reduce costs and sustain quality. 


Chapter 3 

16 The linear sequential model of software development is ______. 

1 a reasonable approach when requirements are well defined 

2 a good approach when a working program is required quickly 

3 the best approach to use for projects with large development teams 

4 an old-fashioned model that cannot be used in a modern context 

17 The linear sequential model of software development is also known as the ______. 

1 classical life cycle model 

2 fountain model 

3 spiral model 

4 waterfall model 

5 Both 1 and 4.

18 The incremental model of software development is ______. 


2 a good approach when a working core product is required quickly 


4 a revolutionary model that is not used for commercial products 

19 The rapid application development model is ______. 

1 another name for component-based development 

2 a useful approach when a customer cannot define requirements clearly 

3 a high-speed adaptation of the linear sequential model 

4 All of the above. 

20 Evolutionary software process models ______. 

1 are iterative in nature 

2 can easily accommodate product requirements changes 

3 do not generally produce throwaway systems 


21 The prototyping model of software development is ______. 




4 a risky model that rarely produces a meaningful product 

22 The spiral model of software development ______. 

1 ends with the delivery of the software product 

2 is more chaotic than the incremental model 

3 includes project risk evaluation during each iteration 


23 The concurrent development model is ______. 

1 another name for the rapid application development model 

2 often used for the development of client/server applications 

3 used only for the development of parallel or distributed systems 

4 used whenever a large number of change requests are anticipated 

19 

INF305F/ SWE401I/SED401I /101

20 

24 The component-based development model ______. 

1 is appropriate only for computer hardware design 

2 is not able to support the development of reusable components 

3 works best when object technologies are available for support 

4 is not cost-effective by known quantifiable software metrics 

25 Rapid application development (RAD) is ______. 

1 an evolutionary process model 

2 a waterfall model 

3 a prescriptive model 

4 an incremental process model 

5 a specialised process model 

26 The spiral model is ______. 

1 an evolutionary process model 

2 a waterfall model 

3 a prescriptive model 

4 an incremental process model 

5 a specialised process model 

Chapter 4 

27 Which of the following is not necessary for applying agility to a software process? 

1 eliminate the use of project planning and testing 

2 only essential work products are produced 

3 process allows team to streamline tasks 

4 uses incremental product delivery strategy 

28 How do you create agile processes to manage unpredictability? 

1 Requirements gathering must be conducted very carefully. 

2 Risk analysis must be conducted before planning takes place. 

3 Software increments must be delivered in short time periods. 

4 Software processes must adapt to changes incrementally. 

5 Both 3 and 4.

21 


29 If members of the software team are to drive the characteristics of the process that is 

applied to build software, a number of key traits must exist among the people on an agile 

team and the team itself. Which one of the following is not a key trait listed by Pressman? 

1 competence 

2 common focus 

3 self-organisation 

4 fuzzy problem-solving ability 

5 managerial ability 

30 What are the four framework activities found in the extreme programming (XP) process 

model? 

1 analysis, design, coding, testing 

2 planning, analysis, design, coding 

3 planning, analysis, coding, testing 

4 planning, design, coding, testing 

31 What are the three framework activities for the adaptive software development (ASD) 

process model? 

1 analysis, design, coding 

2 feasibility study, functional model iteration, implementation 

3 requirements gathering, adaptive cycle planning, iterative development 

4 speculation, collaboration, learning 

32 Which is not one of the key questions that are answered by each team member at each 

daily scrum meeting? 

1 What have you done since the last meeting? 

2 What obstacles are you encountering? 

3 What is the cause of the problems you are encountering? 

4 What do you plan to accomplish at the next team meeting? 

33 In considering extreme programming as a method for your new registration system at the 

university, you will be committed to using ______. 

1 the object-oriented approach 

2 the waterfall method 

3 a life-cycle approach 

4 All of the above.

22 

34 In feature-driven development (FDD) a “feature” is a client-valued function that can be 

delivered in two months or less. 

1 true 

2 false 

35 Agile modelling (AM) provides guidance to the practitioner during which of these software 

tasks? 

1 analysis 

2 design 

3 coding 

4 testing 


Chapter 5 

36 Software engineering practice involves ______. 

1 the software engineers 

2 the managers of software engineers 

3 both software engineers and the managers of software engineers. 

37 During practice it is important to understand the problem, plan a solution, carry out the 

plan and examine the result for accuracy. As a software engineer involved in the 

enhancement of a registration system at a university, you will be involved for the first 

phase, understanding the problem, in ______. 

1 the identification of similar problems and the way that a solution is found for the 

problem 

2 the identification of the management staff who will be responsible for the system and 

the registration staff who will use the system 

3 testing whether all the components for the solution are correct 

4 the examination of the solution to see if it is possible to test each component part of 

the solution 

5 None of the above.

23 


38 During practice it is important to understand the problem, plan a solution, carry out the 

plan and examine the result for accuracy. As a software engineer involved in the 

enhancement of a registration system at a university, you will be involved for the second 

phase, planning the solution, in ______. 

1 identifying similar problems and the way that a solution is found for the problem 

2 identifying the management staff who will be responsible for the system and the 

registration staff who will use the system 

3 testing whether all the components for the solution are correct 

4 examining the solution to see if it is possible to test each component part of the 

solution 

5 None of the above. 

39 A software system exists for one reason: to provide its users with value. What is the 

essential question to ask during the specification of a system requirement for the 

registration system? 

1 Is the requirement feasible? 

2 Are there enough resources to implement the requirement? 

3 Does this add real value to the system? 

4 Will the users use this requirement? 


40 Before customer requirements can be analysed, modelled or specified, they must be 

gathered through a communication activity. During development of the university 

registration system, you organise a meeting with the registration staff who will use the 

system. You do not understand the mechanism in place for payments. You want to use 

the communication principles provided by Pressman for communication. What do you 

do? 

1 You reschedule the meeting and study the documents available on payments. 

2 You insist that your understanding of the system is best; you are going to be 

responsible for the implementation and proceed to the next point on the agenda. 

3 You allow a cool down period and plan to get back to the payment issue at a later 

stage. 

4 You use the principle, if something is unclear, of drawing a picture. 


24 

41 During planning the software engineer should ______. 

1 include the customer in the activity 

2 estimate based on what he knows 

3 be realistic in what he can do 

4 include a quality insurance plan 


42 The behaviour of the software must be represented for analysis methods. The behaviour 

of computer software is driven by its interaction with the external environment. Which of 

the following causes the software to behave in a specific way? 

1 input by the end-users 

2 control data provided by an external system 

3 monitoring data collected over a network 

4 1, 2 and 3. 


43 Which one of the following is a rule that can serve well for testing objectives? 

1 Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error. 

2 A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding an as yet undiscovered 

error. 

3 A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error. 

4 1, 2 and 3. 


44 Which of the following is not one of Hooker’s core principles of software engineering 

practice? 

1 All design should be as simple as possible, but no simpler. 

2 A software system exists only to provide value to its users. 

3 The Pareto principle (20% of any product requires 80% of the effort). 

4 Remember that what you produce others will consume. 


45 Software engineers collaborate with customers to define which of the following? 

1 customer visible usage scenarios 

2 important software features 

3 system inputs and outputs 

4 1 and 3. 


25 


46 Which of the following activities is not one of the nine things that need to be 

accomplished by the generic planning task set? 

1 Develop overall project strategy. 

2 Identify the functionality to deliver in each software increment. 

3 Create a detailed schedule for the complete software project. 

4 Devise a means of tracking progress on a regular basis. 

5 All of the above activities. 

47 Which of the following is not one of the principles of good coding? 

1 Create unit tests before you begin coding. 

2 Create a visual layout that aids understanding. 

3 Keep variable names short so that code is compact. 

4 Write self-documenting code, not program documentation. 

5 All are principles of good coding. 

48 Which of the following is a task / are tasks in the generic task set for construction? 

1 Build a software component. 

2 Create a user interface. 

3 Unit test the component. 

4 Assess the quality of the component. 


49 Which of the following is a valid reason / are valid reasons for collecting customer 

feedback concerning delivered software? 

1 Allows developers to make changes to the delivered increment. 

2 Delivery schedule can be revised to reflect changes. 

3 Developers can identify changes to incorporate into next increment. 

4 1 and 2. 

5 1, 2 and 3. 

Chapter 6 

50 Which of the following can be elements of computer-based systems? 

1 documentation 

2 software 

3 people 

4 hardware 

5 All of the above

51 The system engineering process usually begins with the ______. 

1 detailed view 

2 domain view 

3 element view 

4 world view 

5 1 and 3. 

26 

52 To construct a system model, the engineer should consider which of the following 

restraining factors? 

1 assumptions 

2 budget 

3 constraints 

4 schedule 


53 During business process engineering, three different architectures are examined: 

1 applications, data, technology infrastructure 

2 communications, organisation, financial infrastructure 

3 network, database, reporting structure 

4 systems, requirements, data structure 


54 Which element(s) of business processing engineering is/are the responsibility of the 

software engineer? 

1 business area analysis 

2 business system design 

3 construction and integration 

4 information strategy planning 


Chapter 7 

55 During project inception the intent of the tasks is to determine ______. 

1 basic problem understanding 

2 the nature of the solution needed 

3 people who want a solution 


5 1, 2 and 3.

27 


56 Three things that make requirements elicitation difficult are problems of ______. 

1 budgeting 

2 scope 

3 understanding 

4 volatility 

5 2, 3 and 4. 

57 The result of the requirements engineering elaboration task is an analysis model that 

defines which of the following problem domains? 

1 information 

2 functional 

3 behavioural 


5 1 and 3. 

58 The system specification describes the ______. 

1 function, performance and constraints of a computer-based system 

2 implementation of each allocated system 

3 element software architecture 

4 time required for system simulation 


59 The best way to conduct a requirements validation review is to ______. 

1 examine the system model for errors 

2 have the customer look over the requirements 

3 send them to the design team and see if they have any concerns 

4 use a checklist of questions to examine each requirement 


60 The use of traceability tables helps to ______. 

1 debug programs following the detection of run-time errors 

2 determine the performance of algorithm implementations 

3 identify, control, and track requirements changes 



28 

61 Which of the following is not one of the context-free questions that would be used during 

project inception? 

1 What will be the economic benefit accruing from a good solution? 

2 Who is against this project? 

3 Who will pay for the work? 

4 Who will use the solution? 


62 Which of the following is not a UML diagram used in creating a systems analysis model? 

1 activity diagram 

2 class diagram 

3 dataflow diagram 

4 state diagram 


63 Which one of the following is not a requirements engineering function? 

1 inception 

2 elicitation 

3 negotiation 

4 modelling 

5 validation 

64 ______ is a technique that translates the needs of the customer into technical 

requirements for software. 

1 Configuration management 

2 User requirements translation 

3 Quality function deployment 

4 Software translation 

5 Technical translation 

65 For your registration system developed for the university, you need to involve several 

parties during requirements elicitation. Who will not be involved in this process? 

1 software engineers 

2 managers 

3 customers 

4 end users 

5 All of the above will be involved in the requirements elicitation process.

29 


66 From a software process perspective, requirements engineering is a software 

engineering action that begins during the ______ activity and continues into the 

modelling activity. 

1 negotiation 

2 communication 

3 specification 

4 planning 


67 There are a number of reasons why requirements elicitation is difficult. Within your 

registration system the users complain that they are not completely sure what is needed. 

According to Christel and Kang, this can be categorised as a problem of ______. 

1 scope 

2 understanding 

3 volatility 

4 planning 


68 Which one of the following is not a guideline during collaborative requirements 

gathering? 

1 The goal is to identify the problem. 

2 Rules of preparation and participation are established. 

3 A facilitator controls the meeting. 

4 Requirements are captured using illustrative diagrams. 


69 Which one of these requirements is implicit in the product or system and may be so 

fundamental that the customer does not explicitly state them? 

1 normal requirements 

2 abnormal requirements 

3 expected requirements 

4 exciting requirements 


70 The first step in writing a use-case is to ______. 

1 define the set of “actors” that will be involved in the story 

2 define the different scenarios 

3 identify the different use cases 

4 define the objects 


Assignment 2 

30 

Submission date: 1 May 2009 


Unique number: 523112 for INF305F; 523113 for SED401I; 536358 for SWE401I 

Notice: This is one of the two possible assignments that you can complete 

for examination admission. Assignment 2 relates to chapters 8–10, 

13, 14 and 16. 

Chapter 8 

1 Which of the following is not an objective for building an analysis model? 

1 Define a set of software requirements that can be validated. 

2 Describe customer requirements. 

3 Develop an abbreviated solution for the problem. 

4 Establish a basis for software design. 

5 Answers 1-4 are all objectives for building an analysis model. 

2 The data dictionary contains descriptions of each software ______. 

1 control item 

2 data object 

3 diagram 

4 notation 


3 Which of these are not elements of an object-oriented analysis model? 

1 behavioural elements 

2 class-based elements 

3 data elements 

4 scenario-based elements 

5 Answers 1–4 are all elements of the object-oriented analysis model. 

4 The relationships shown in a data model must be classified to show their ______. 

1 cardinality 

2 directionality 

3 modality 

4 probability 

5 Both 1 and 3.

5 The entity relationship diagram ______. 

1 depicts relationships between data objects 

2 depicts functions that transform the data flow 

3 indicates how data are transformed by the system 

4 indicates system reactions to external events 

5 All of the above are characteristics of the entity relationship diagram. 

6 A generalised description of a collection of similar objects is a ______. 

1 class 

2 instance 

3 subclass 

4 superclass 


31 


7 UML activity diagrams are useful in representing which analysis model elements? 

1 behavioural elements 

2 class-based elements 

3 flow-based elements 

4 scenario-based elements 


8 The data flow diagram ______. 






9 Control flow diagrams are ______. 

1 needed to model event-driven systems 

2 required for all systems 

3 used in place of data flow diagrams 

4 useful for modelling real-time systems 

5 Both 1 and 4.

32 

10 Which of the following should be considered as candidate objects in a problem space? 

1 events 

2 people 

3 structures 



11 Which of the following is not one of the broad categories used to classify operations? 

1 computation 

2 data manipulation 

3 event monitors 

4 transformers 


12 Which of the following items do/does not appear on a CRC card? 

1 class collaborators 

2 class name 

3 class reliability 

4 class responsibilities 


13 Class responsibilities are defined by ______. 

1 its attributes only 

2 its collaborators 

3 its operations only 

4 both its attributes and its operations 

5 both its attributes and its collaborators 

14 Events occur whenever ______. 

1 an actor and the OO system exchange information 

2 a class operation is invoked 

3 messages are passed between objects 



15 The state diagram ______. 






16 For purposes of behaviour modelling a state is any ______. 

1 consumer or producer of data 

2 data object hierarchy 

3 observable mode of behaviour 

4 well-defined process 


17 ______ results in the specification of software operational characteristics. 

1 Requirements analysis 

2 Analysis modelling 

3 Design modelling 

4 Domain analysis 

5 None of the options above. 

So urc e s o f 

domain 

knowledge 

Technical literature 

Existing applications 

a. 

Expert advice 

Current/future 

requirements 

> 

> 

> 

> 

33 

Domain 

analysis 

Class taxonomies 

Re use sta nd a rd s 

Func tiona l 

models 

> > 

Domain 

languages 


18 Study the following figure, which illustrates the input and output for domain analysis: 

> 

> 

> 

> 

Domain 

analysis 

model 

Which one of the following is the missing input (marked a.) into domain analysis? 

1 customer interviews 

2 customer surveys 

3 questionnaires 

4 personal communication 

5 documentation

19 Requirements analysis ______. 

1 results in the specification of software’s operational characteristics 

2 indicates software’s interface with other system elements 

3 establishes constraints that software must meet 


5 1, 2 and 3. 

34 

20 Cardinality is a data-modelling concept used to ______. 

1 indicate the relationship between two objects 

2 show that the relationship is optional 

3 define the attributes for an object 

4 define the methods for an object 


21 Modality is a concept used to ______. 

1 indicate the relationship between two objects 

2 show that the relationship is optional 

3 define the attributes for an object 

4 define the methods for an object 


Chapter 9 

22 Which of the following are areas of concern in the design model? 

1 architecture 

2 data 

3 interfaces 

4 project scope 

5 1, 2 and 3. 

23 The importance of software design can be summarised by the word(s), ______. 

1 accuracy 

2 complexity 

3 efficiency 

4 quality 

5 Both 1 and 2.

24 Which of these is/are characteristic of a good design? 

1 exhibits strong coupling between its modules 

2 implements all requirements in the analysis model 

3 includes test cases for all components 

4 provides a complete picture of the software 


25 Which of the following is/are not common to all design methods? 

1 configuration management 

2 functional component 

3 notation quality assessment 

4 guidelines for refinement heuristics 


26 What types of abstraction are used in software design? 

1 control 

2 data 

3 environmental 

4 procedural 

5 1, 2 and 4. 

35 


27 Which of the following models can be used to represent the architectural design of a 

piece of software? 

1 dynamic models 

2 functional models 

3 structural models 


5 Only 2 and 3. 

28 Polymorphism reduces the effort required to extend an object system by ______. 

1 coupling objects together more tightly 

2 enabling a number of different operations to share the same name 

3 making objects more dependent on one another 

4 removing the barriers imposed by encapsulation 


29 Which of the following is not one of the five design class types? 

36 

1 business domain classes 

2 entity classes 

3 process classes 

4 user interface classes 

5 All of the above are design class types. 

30 Which design model elements are used to depict a model of information represented 

from the user’s view? 

1 architectural design elements 

2 component-level design elements 

3 data design elements 

4 interface design elements 


31 Cohesion is a qualitative indication of the degree to which a module ______. 

1 can be written more compactly 

2 focuses on just one thing 

3 is able to complete its function in a timely manner 

4 is connected to other modules and the outside world 


32 Coupling is a qualitative indication of the degree to which a module ______. 

1 can be written more compactly 

2 focuses on just one thing 

3 is able to complete its function in a timely manner 

4 is connected to other modules and the outside world 


33 Which design is analogous to the floor plan of a house? 

1 architectural design 

2 component-level design 

3 data design 

4 interface design 


37 


34 Which design model is analogous to the detailed drawings of the access points and 

external utilities for a house? 

1 architectural design 

2 component-level design 

3 data design 

4 interface design 


35 What is the primary work product that is produced during software design? 

1 a design model that encompasses architectural, interface, component-level and 

deployment representatives 

2 the software design 

3 the interface design 

4 the data design 


Chapter 10 

36 The data design action translates data objects defined as part of the analysis model into 

______ at the software component level. 

1 database architecture 

2 database services 

3 data structures 

4 networks 


37 Data mining is also known as ______. 

1 data warehousing 

2 knowledge discovery in databases 

3 database knowledge 

4 data dictionaries 


38 A data warehouse ______. 

1 is a separate data environment that is not directly integrated with day-to-day 

applications 

2 encompasses all data used by a business 

3 is a large independent database that has access to the data that are stored in 

databases that serve the set of applications required by a business 

4 is used in data mining 


39 Data design at the component level focuses on the representation of ______. 

1 database architecture 

2 database services 

3 data structures 

4 networks 


38 

40 The software that is built for computer-based systems also exhibits one of many 

architectural styles. Each style describes a system category that encompasses ______. 

1 a set of components that perform a function required by a system 

2 a set of connectors that enable "communication, coordination, and cooperation" to 

take place among components. 

3 constraints that define how components can be integrated to form the system 

4 semantic models that enable a designer to understand the overall properties of a 

system by analysing the known properties of its constituent parts 


41 A data-centred architecture promotes ______. 

1 integrability 

2 integrity 

3 undependability 

4 accessibility 


42 A data-flow architecture uses a(n) ______ structure. 

1 ebb and flow 

2 pipe and flow 

3 pipe and filter 

4 filter and flow 


43 Within a layered architecture, a number of different layers are defined, each ______. 

1 defining one single function 

2 accomplishing operations that progressively become closer to the machine 

instruction set 

3 accomplishing operations that progressively become closer to the user interface set 

4 accomplishing operations that progressively become closer to the application layer 


Chapter 11 

39 


44 Which of the following is not one of the four principles used to guide component-level 

design? 

1 dependency inversion principle 

2 interface segregation principle 

3 open-closed principle 

4 parsimonious complexity principle 


45 In component design, elaboration requires which of the following elements to be 

described in detail? 

1 source code 

2 attributes 

3 interfaces 

4 operations 

5 2,3 and 4. 

Chapter 13 

46 The best reason for using independent software test teams is that ______. 

1 software developers do not need to do any testing 

2 a test team will test the software more thoroughly 

3 testers do not get involved with the project until testing begins 

4 arguments between developers and testers are reduced 


47 What is the normal order of activities in which traditional software testing is organised? 

a integration testing 

b system testing 

c unit testing 

d validation testing 

1 a, d, c, b 

2 b, d, a, c 

3 c, a, d, b 

4 d, b, c, a 


40 

48 Which of the following strategic issues needs to be addressed in a successful software 

testing process? 

1 conducting formal technical reviews prior to testing 

2 specifying requirements in a quantifiable manner 

3 using independent test teams 

4 waiting till code is written prior to writing the test plan 


49 Which of the following need to be assessed during unit testing? 

1 algorithmic performance 

2 code stability 

3 error handling 

4 execution paths 


50 Top-down integration testing has as its major advantage(s) that ______. 

1 low-level modules never need testing 

2 major decision points are tested early 

3 no drivers need to be written 

4 no stubs need to be written 


51 Bottom-up integration testing has as its major advantage(s) that ______. 

1 major decision points are tested early 

2 no drivers need to be written 

3 no stubs need to be written 

4 regression testing is not required 


52 Regression testing should be a normal part of integration testing, because as a new 

module is added to the system, new ______. 

1 control logic is invoked 

2 data flow paths are established 

3 drivers require testing 


5 Both 1 and 2.

53 Smoke testing might best be described as ______. 

41 

1 bulletproofing shrink-wrapped software 

2 rolling integration testing 

3 testing that hides implementation errors 

4 unit testing for small programs 


54 The OO testing integration strategy involves testing ______. 


1 groups of classes that collaborate or communicate in some way 

2 single operations as they are added to the evolving class implementation 

3 operator programs derived from use-case scenarios 


55 Acceptance tests are normally conducted by the ______. 

1 developer 

2 end user 

3 test team 

4 systems engineer 


Chapter 14 

56 A software engineer should design and implement a computer-based system or a 

product with ______ in mind. 

1 testability 

2 conformity 

3 errors 

4 characteristics 


57 Operability means that the better it works, ______. 

1 the more expensive it becomes 

2 the cheaper it becomes 

3 the more efficiently it can be tested 

4 the more complex it becomes 


42 

58 Stability refers to the following: the ______ the changes, the fewer the disruptions to 

testing. 

1 more 

2 fewer 

3 more completed 

4 easier 


59 Using white-box testing methods, the software engineer can derive test cases that 

______. 

1 guarantee that all independent paths within a module have been exercised at least 

once 

2 exercise all logical decisions on their true and false sides 

3 execute all loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds 

4 exercise internal data structures to ensure their validity 


60 Black-box testing alludes to tests that are conducted at the ______. 

1 procedural level 

2 architectural level 

3 software interface 

4 hardware interface 


Chapter 16 

61 Which of the following is not a characteristic of a WebApp? 

1 content-driven 

2 continuously evolving 

3 easily measurable 

4 network-intensive 

5 All of the above 

62 Which of these application categories are commonly encountered in WebE work? 

1 informational 

2 transactional-oriented 

3 portal 


63 Which process model best describes WebE? 

1 linear model 

2 incremental model 

3 formal model 


64 Which of the following technologies is important to web engineers? 

1 component-based development 

2 internet standards 

3 security 


43 


65 Which of the following is not one of the characteristics that we need to take into account 

when a process framework for WebE is formulated? 

1 Changes occur frequently. 

2 Graphic design expertise is hard to acquire. 

3 Timelines are short. 

4 WebApps are delivered incrementally. 


66 During the analysis/formulation step of the WebE process, two types of goals need to be 

defined: 

1 applicative goals and aesthetic goals 

2 applicative goals and informational goals 

3 information goals and performance goals 

4 aesthetic goals and performance goals 


67 Which activities are conducted during the WebE modelling process? 

1 content analysis 

2 refine user tasks 

3 design architecture 



68 Which test(s) is/are not performed during WebE construction? 

1 configuration 

2 navigation 

3 reliability 

4 usability 

5 None of the above are performed. 

44 

69 WebE is usually delivered to users untested and then debugged as user complaints are 

registered. 

1 true 

2 false 

70 Since web applications are fairly standard, it is not important for developers to 

understand the customer’s business needs and objectives. 

1 true 

2 false

Assignment 3 

45 


Submission date: 5 July 2009 

This assignment is used to determine your year mark! 


Notice: Assignment 3 relates to chapters 3–5, 7–10, 13, 14 and 16. 

Total: 100 

Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions and write the correct number in 

your assignment: 

1 Process models are described as agile because they ______. 

1 eliminate the need for cumbersome documentation 

2 emphasise manoeuvrability and adaptability 

3 do not waste development time on planning activities 

4 make extensive use of prototype creation 

2 The rapid application development model is ______. 

1 another name for component-based development 


3 a high-speed adaptation of the linear sequential model 


3 In considering extreme programming as a method for your new registration system at 

the university, you will be committed to using ______. 

1 the object-oriented approach 

2 the waterfall method 

3 a life-cycle approach 


4 A software system exists for one reason: to provide its users with value. What is the 

essential question to ask during the specification of a system requirement for the 

registration system? 

1 Is the requirement feasible? 

2 Are there enough resources to implement the requirement? 

3 Does this add real value to the system? 

4 Will the users use this requirement? 


Complete the following: 

46 

5 The system engineering process usually begins with the ______ view. (1) 

6 The system specification describes the ______. (2) 

7 The relationships shown in a data model must be classified to show their ______ 

and ______. (2) 

8 The importance of software design can be summarised in a single word, namely 

______. (1) 

9 Software engineering is a layered technology. Give a graphical representation of 

the software engineering layers and a brief description of the function of each 

layer. (8) 

10 You are asked to develop word-processing software. You decide to follow the 

incremental model. 

10.1 Give a short overview of the incremental model approach. (2) 

10.2 How could the incremental model approach be used to develop the proposed 

word-processing software? (2) 

11 You are the project manager of a dynamic cellphone company with two million 

cellphone users. Your company is considering the redevelopment of the billing 

software. Write a report to management in which you explain why you would not 

consider evolutionary process models for this project. (6) 

12 Scrum emphasises the use of a set of ‘software process patterns’ that have 

proven effective for projects with tight time limits, changing requirements and 

business criticality. Each of these process patterns defines a set of development 

activities. Being a developer at a small software development company, you prefer 

the use of Scrum as development methodology. Give an overview of the 

development activities, and describe how you would use them in developing an 

inventory system for a medium-scaled company. (8) 

13 Consider the following scene between three software team members: Jamie Lazar, 

Vinod Raman and Ed Robbins. 

Ed: What have you heard about the SafeHome project? 

Vinod: The kick-off meeting is scheduled for next week. 

Jamie: I’ve already done a little bit of investigation, but it didn’t go well.

47 


Ed: What do you mean? 

Jamie: Well, I gave Lisa Perez a call. She’s the marketing honcho on that. 

Vinod: And? 

Jamie: I wanted her to tell me about SafeHome features and functions … that sort of 

thing. Instead, she began asking me questions about security systems, 

surveillance systems. I’m no expert. 

Vinod: What does that tell you? 

Jamie shrugs. 

Vinod: That marketing will need us to act as consultants and that we’d better do 

some homework on this product area before our kick-off meeting. Doug said 

that he wanted us to ‘collaborate’ with our customer, so we’d better learn how 

to do that. 

Identify four communication mistakes from the conversation above. List the 

principle that you used and quote each mistake from the text. (8) 

14 You are the project leader of the requirements engineering team involved in the 

development of a web-based book store. The project is late due to problems 

encountered during the requirements elicitations process. Write a report to 

management in which you explain why requirements elicitation is difficult with 

examples from the application domain. (6) 

15 The state diagram is one method of representing the behaviour of a system by 

depicting its states and the events that cause the system to change state. A state 

diagram models the behaviour of a specific application domain. One state diagram 

consists of different states. What are the three areas that a state is divided into on 

an UML state diagram? (3) 

16 Answer the following: 

16.1 What is the relationship between an activity diagram and a use-case? (1) 

16.2 Study the following use-case description for surveillance, which was written 

for the SafeHome application. Develop an activity diagram for the 

information provided. (8) 

Use-case Access camera surveillance – display camera views 

Primary actor Homeowner 

Goal in context To view output of cameras placed throughout the house from any remote location via 

the internet. 

Preconditions System must be fully configured; appropriate user ID and passwords must be 

obtained.

Trigger The homeowner decides to take a look inside the house while away. 

Scenario 

Exceptions 

48 

1 The homeowner logs into the SafeHome Products website. 

2 The homeowner enters his or her user ID. 

3 The homeowner enters two passwords (each at least eight characters in length). 

4 The system displays all major function buttons. 

5 The homeowner selects “surveillance” from the major function buttons. 

6 The homeowner selects “pick a camera”. 

7 The system displays the floor plan of the house. 

8 The homeowner selects a camera icon from the floor plan. 

9 The homeowner selects the “view” button. 

10 The system displays a viewing window that is identified by the camera ID. 

11 The system displays video output within the viewing window at one frame per 

second. 

1 ID or passwords are incorrect or not recognised – see use- case “validate ID 

and passwords”. 

2 Surveillance function not configured for this system – system displays 

appropriate error message; see use-case: “Configure surveillance function”. 

3 Homeowner selects “view thumbnail snapshots for all cameras” – see use-case 

“view thumbnail snapshots for all cameras”. 

4 A floor plan is not available or has not been configured – display appropriate 

error message and see use-case “configure floor plan”. 

5 An alarm condition is encountered – see use-case “alarm condition 

encountered”. 

Priority Moderate priority, to be implemented after basic functions. 

When available Third increment. 

Frequency of 

use 

Infrequent. 

17 Define the following concepts in design engineering: 

17.1 abstraction (distinguish between higher and lower levels of abstraction) 

17.2 architecture 

17.3 patterns 

17.4 modularity 

17.5 information hiding 

17.6 functional independence 

17.7 refinement 

17.8 refactoring 

17.9 design classes (10)

49 


18 Give an overview of a data-centred architecture. Describe how it works, and make 

use of a graphical representation to illustrate the main concepts. What are the 

advantages of this approach? (8) 

19 There are many strategies that can be used to test software. 

19.1 Give a short overview of bottom-up integration testing. (2) 

19.2 What steps are used to implement bottom-up integration testing? 

Graphically illustrate the bottom-up integration testing process. (8) 

20 What are the application categories most commonly encountered in WebE work? (10)

Assignment 4 

50 

Submission date: Self-evaluation. A solution is available at the end of this assignment. 


Notice: This assignment covers chapters 3–5, 7–10, 13, 14 and 16. 

Chapter 3 

1 Prototyping may be problematic for two reasons. Use the development of a 

registration system at a university to discuss why prototyping may be difficult in 

that environment. (2) 

2 Write a motivation to management in which you explain what your concerns are in 

using the formal methods model in the specification of your registration system. (6) 

Chapter 4 

3 Discuss how you can use adaptive software development in developing the 

software of a registration system at the university. (10) 

Chapter 5 

4 What questions must be asked and answered in order to develop a realistic 

project plan for a university registration system? (7) 

Chapter 7 

5 What are the types of requirements in quality function deployment within a 

university registration system? (6) 

Chapter 8 

6 Draw the use case diagram for registration at a university. The following are actions in a 

university registration system: 

- A student completes the registration form. 

- His/her results of the previous years are verified. 

- His/her enrolment is verified. 

- His/her payment is verified.

Chapter 9 

51 


- His/her tutorial matter is despatched. (5) 

7 Use the guidelines on page 262 of the softcover copy of your textbook and discuss 

how you will implement the quality guidelines when evaluating the design 

representation of the university registration system. (8) 

Chapter 10 

8 Discuss how you will use a data-centred architecture style in a university 

registration system. (2) 

Chapter 13 

9 Discuss how you will implement integration testing in a new university registration 

system. (10) 

Chapter 14 

10 Discuss how you will use black box or white box testing with a new university 


Chapter 16 

11 Discuss how process, methods and tools and technology (overview on page 506 of 

the softcover copy of the textbook) will be applied for the design of an online web 

interface university registration system. (9) 

SOLUTION: ASSIGNMENT 4 

1 Prototyping may be problematic for two reasons. Use the development of a 

registration system at a university to discuss why prototyping may be difficult in 

that environment. (2) 

Refer to the difficulties with prototyping specified on page 85 (Pressmann, 2005). You will 

receive only 2 marks if you just state the problems. You must relate it to the registration 

system by indicating how staff in a registration system may experience the two problems 

highlighted in the text.

52 

2 Write a motivation to management in which you explain what your concerns are in 

using the formal methods model in the specification of your registration system. (6) 

Concerns are highlighted on page 92 (Pressman, 2005). You need to highlight that in a 

registration system costs are always an issue, and using a formal method may lead to more 

costs, which management may want to prevent. Also, you may argue that the university has 

no software developers and therefore needs either to appoint developers or to train existing 

staff. Thirdly, since the users of the registration system are not technically sophisticated, 

using formal models as a communication mechanism may be problematic. 

3 Discuss how you can use adaptive software development in the software 

development of a registration system at the university. (10) 

Use the guidelines on pages 114–116 on adaptive software development and relate how the 

three phases – speculation, collaboration, and learning – will play a role during the 

development of a registration system using adaptive software development as a technique for 

building the system. The following is an example of a good answer sent to us by Leanne 

Buckus, which incorporates the registration system into the phases given for the Adaptive 

Software Development Model: 

3. 

The 3 phases of the Adaptive Software Development (ASD) Model for the software development of a 

university’s registration system would be 

i) Speculation Phase – in this phase: 

The registration project would be initiated 

The mission statement of the customer is determined i.e. to register South African and foreign 

students both online and through a Contact Centre, using a simple, efficient and effective 

process 

The scope of the project would be established – inclusions and exclusions in the project 

The project constraints are established – delivery dates, – which campus, which users, which 

students 

Basic requirements are established – the high level registration requirements to determine the 

project iterations 

ii) Collaboration Phase – in this phase: 

Workshops and JAD sessions have to be arranged to determine the detailed requirements per 

cycle, develop a design to support the requirements 

Develop and deliver a solution per release cycle 

iii) Learning Phase – in this phase: 

As part of each cycle, focus groups must be scheduled to determined whether the release to 

be delivered meets the business requirements 

Formal technical reviews must be conducted on the software components to ensure that 

improvements in quality, design etc are learned and incorporated for future 

Postmortems must be done by the ASD teams to look at the own performance and process 

with the intention of learning and incorporating those lessons in future 

4 What questions must be asked and answered in order to develop a realistic 

project plan for a university registration system? (7)

53 


The questions that must be asked and answered are given on page 138 of prescribed 

textbook. Relate each of the questions to the registration system. 

Why is the system being developed? In this activity the development team should assess 

the validity of business reasons for the changes. In the registration system, there should be a 

good reason for a new system that justifies the changes. For instance, a reason may be to 

improve slower hand-processes to be able to get a higher throughput of registrations. 

What will be done? For this question, it is necessary to identify the functionality to be built 

and, by implication, the tasks required to get the job done. If the goal is to create a new online 

registration system with electronic payment facilities, the development team will typically have 

to include tasks such as negotiation with financial institutions to accommodate the 

transactions, and identification of team members that will develop the interface for payment. 

Similarly the remaining questions must be answered and related to the registration system, 

including the following: 

- When will it be accomplished? 

- Who is responsible for a function? 

- Where they are organisationally located? 

- How will the job be done technically and managerially? 

- How much of each resource is needed? 

5 What are the types of requirements in quality function deployment within a 

university registration system? (6) 

The requirements are discussed in detail on page 188 of the textbook. The requirements 

include normal requirements, expected requirements and exciting requirements. For each of 

the requirements it is necessary to relate the requirements to the registration system. For 

example, in normal requirements that reflect objectives and goals stated for a product or 

system during meetings with the customer, the customer (user of the registration system in 

this case) may comment on interfaces built by the team, test registration functions such as 

the electronic payment, and remark on how efficient a new registration is done.

54 

6 Draw the use case diagram for registration at a university. The following is one possible 

solution: 

7 Use the guidelines on page 262 and apply them to a registration system. 

The following is one possible answer. 

In order to evaluate the quality of a design representation, we must establish technical criteria 

for good design. 

1 In the registration system the developers should create a design in such a way that it 

uses an architecture that (a) has been created using recognisable architectural 

styles or patterns, (b) is composed of components that exhibit good design 

characteristics and (c) can be implemented in an evolutionary fashion, thereby 

facilitating implementation and testing. The architecture styles or patterns can be 

used by considering the repeatable processes. During the design of the different 

interfaces, the design should be of such a nature that it is easy to implement. … etc. 

2 The different processes included in the registration should be included in the system 

using a modular design in which the sub-systems work together to accomplish the 

goal of registering a student.

55 


3 In the design of the registration system, the design should contain distinct 

representations of data, architecture, interfaces and components. For example, the 

different interfaces that will be used to capture the data in the registration process, 

such as the student’s personal information, should be included during the design 

process. 

4 In the registration system, the design should include a data structure that is both 

feasible to implement and should consider existing legacy systems with which the 

system should communicate. 

5 The design should lead to components that exhibit independent functional 

characteristics – therefore in the registration system the component that is extracted 

from the different processes within the system should be of such a nature that it is 

not dependent on the output from other components. 

6 Similar for the remaining three concepts for quality design found on page 262. 

8 Discuss how you will use a data-centred architecture style in a university 


A data-centred architecture style is one in which a data store (such as a file or database) 

resides at the centre of the architecture. In the registration system, the student database is 

typical at the centre of the system where not only the student system may access the data, 

but also other systems such as the financial system. It is important that data reside in only 

one location and is not duplicated in different systems. 

9 Discuss how you will implement integration testing in a new university registration 

system. (10) 

Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing the software architecture while at 

the same time conducting tests to uncover errors associated with interfacing. In the 

registration system integration testing can be used by taking the unit’s tested components 

and combining these components into one structure. For example, in the registration process 

the verification of matriculation results and the comparison of matriculation results with what 

the student intends to study can be developed as two different components. After unit 

component testing, these components can be integrated into one system (together with other 

components) through one interface and can then be tested. 

10 Discuss how you will use black box or white box testing with a new university 


White box testing is a test case design philosophy that uses the control structure described as 

part of component-level design to derive test cases. In other words, a specific part of the

56 

module is targeted and tested with different test cases. For example, if you explicitly know 

that a student should be older than 18 to register for a new course, and you know that there is 

an if statement testing this, you may test this specific procedure in your system by ‘feeding’ 

the system first a birth date older than 18 to make sure that everything works and then testing 

the if statement by giving the module a birth date younger than 18. 

For black box testing, the tests are conducted at the software interface. The test is conducted 

without the knowledge of the internal structure. For example, on the interface valid and invalid 

data values may be tested, such as the student’s matriculation results – to test whether the 

system will validate that the student does or does not qualify to study at Unisa. A specific 

branch in code is not tested but rather the software more generally. 

11 Discuss how process, methods and tools and technology will be applied for the 

design of an online web interface university registration system. (9) 

Process, methods and technologies provide a layered approach to WebE that is conceptually 

the same as the software engineering layers. Rapid development methods are used to 

develop WebE process models through an agile development philosophy. The online 

registration system can be developed using agile methods. Prototypes of the different 

interfaces could easily be constructed to demonstrate how the user will interact with the 

system. 

Considering methods, the approach should be developed in such a manner that it creates 

opportunities for the web engineers and other stakeholders for communication on the system. 

The registration staff should be able to communicate concerns about the way that the 

proposed software functions and the web engineers should pay attention to the concerns. 

This applies, similarly, for requirements analysis methods, design methods and testing 

methods. 

With regard to technology, the development team of the registration team should consider the 

different options available with regard to the content description and modelling languages, 

programming language, etc. 

© Unisa 

2009

School of Computing / Skool vir Rekenaarkunde - Name

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