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An Archaeologist and His Road to Voruta ALBINAS KUNCEVIČIUS 22 During the preparation of the ‘Atlas of Lithuanian Hill-Forts’: Gintautas Zabiela takes a photograph of Berzgainiai hill-fort in the Ukmergė district in 2004 (photograph by Z. Baubonis). So this means that in this case, too, Vytautas Urbanavičius was involved in your archaeological choice? In this case, he was ‘involved’ as far as I got him ‘involved’. In fact, I had no one to give me advice, because I didn’t know any other very competent archaeologists so well at that time. So I chose my research subject around 1986, when I was still working at the SMC. I began excavating hill-forts on my own shortly after that. At first they were rather small-scale excavations of Antalgė hill-fort in the Utena district. The necessity to investigate Antalgė hill-fort became obvious after a survey expedition, during which it turned out that the monument had been so badly damaged by cows, and was being virtually destroyed, that there was no other way to preserve it but by excavating. In the autumn of 1986, during the survey expeditions, I discovered the second hill-fort of Antatilčiai in the Ukmergė district. I excavated it in 1987, because there, too, there were archaeological rescue works. Can you remind me what exactly happened when you chose the subject for your dissertation? As far as I remember, the subject had to be approved by the Lithuanian Institute of History? Is that right? At first, nobody approved the subject I had chosen. It was officially approved slightly later, in 1988, when I went to work at the Institute of History. Then it was mandatory to have the subject declared and approved. I went to work at the institute, because, as you remember, the SMC was only a bureaucratic institution and, along with survey expeditions and reporting, there was a lot of bureaucratic work to do. At that time, the Sąjūdis reform movement appeared in Lithuania, and the Institute of History began expanding. As far as I know, you too were one of the first of the wave of new employees, so to speak. I was employed by the institute in 1987, when they started forming a group to research Vilnius’ Lower Castle, headed by Vytautas Urbanavičius. Adolfas Tautavičius, the longstanding head of the Archaeology Department, joined the group too. Vytautas Kazakevičius was appointed the new head of the department. Actually, it was a kind of reshuffle, and after a long pause there arose an opportunity to go and work at the institute through an informal tender. I say ‘informal’, because at that time, at least from 1980, when I graduated from the university, there were no public tenders at all. You could say that I came to work at the institute with the ‘second wave’. I believe the institute was allowed to increase its staff then, because after me, a little later,
The covers of the first volume of the ‘Atlas of Lithuanian Hill-Forts’, compiled by Zenonas Baubonis and Gintautas Zabiela in 2005. The complete publication consists of three volumes, which weigh around 15 kilograms. Arvydas Asadauskas, Kęstutis Jankauskas, Romas Jarockis and Giedrius Puodžiūnas came to work there too. Well, I forgot to mention that I knew Vytautas Kazakevičius, the head of the department at the time, from my student field trip, when he was excavating the Plinkaigalis burial grounds. I took part in that field trip in 1983. The excavation was interesting, but quite complicated, because the ground was so hard that we had to break it with a crowbar. On the other hand, we had interesting visits to the neighbouring regions and monuments, and last but not least, there was excellent fishing. As you know, Vytautas Kazakevičius was a keen angler. You worked for quite a long time and in different positions at the institute. I began my career at the institute in the autumn of 1988, and I worked there until the very end of 2005. There’s another fact that I haven’t mentioned: I worked as a senior archaeology expert for the Inspectorate of the Cultural Heritage for five months in 1991. Well, you would occasionally return to heritage protection. You haven’t moved away from it now, either. When you came to the institute, you found Vladas Daugudis there, doing research into hill-forts. The academician Regina Kulikauskienė was still working there too. Did you have opportunities to communicate with them? I had more opportunities to talk to Vladas Daugudis. He still worked at the institute, and for some time we even worked in the same room. However, he would only occasionally come to the office. We would talk for a while, but he did not excavate hill-forts any more at that time, and then he retired altogether. He joined the group doing research into the Vilnius castles, as well as taking part in the excavations of the Hill of Three Crosses. Regina Volkaitė-Kulikauskienė would also occasionally come to the office, and she would not actually get involved in the department’s work. So you came to the Institute of History, and researched late-period hill-forts ... Yes, I had a scientific subject to work on, and the important thing is that at that time the institute had the funds to finance excavations. The choice of the monument to be excavated in 1989 was more related to monument protection, because I went to excavate the decaying hill-fort at Guogai (Piliuona). The excavations were financed by the institute. From there, I went to excavate Mažulonys hill-fort. At that time, in the autumn and winter of 1988, I was sent on an academic ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA 16 I TO GINTAUTAS ZABIELA, A FRIEND AND COLLEAGUE 23
Page 1 and 2: ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA16 settleMents
Page 3 and 4: KlaiPĖDa UniVersity settleMents an
Page 5: CONTENTS Preface 7 I. TO GINTAUTAS
Page 8 and 9: ALGIRDAS GIRININKAS Preface 8 volum
Page 10: ALGIRDAS GIRININKAS Preface 10 betw
Page 14 and 15: An Archaeologist and His Road to Vo
Page 29 and 30: II. ARCHAEOLOGICAL CERAMICS ARCHAEO
Page 31 and 32: the second half of the 19th century
Page 33 and 34: Fig. 1. The table employed in the d
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 3. V. Žulkus’ table for the
Page 37 and 38: Fig. 5. The ceramic fragment charac
Page 39 and 40: Area Depth cm Quadrate Object Group
Page 41 and 42: ZABIELA, G., 2001. Laužiškio pili
Page 43 and 44: 1993 29. BERTAŠIUS, M., 1993. Kaun
Page 47 and 48: III. FROM ANCIENT SETTLEMENTS AND P
Page 49 and 50: Fig. 1. The sites of the Palanga se
Page 51 and 52: Fig. 2. A palaeogeographical recons
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 5. The lower part of a spear p
Page 55 and 56: ants hunted not only forest fauna,
Page 57 and 58: DAUGNORA, L., GIRININKAS A., 2004.
Page 59 and 60: other tribesmen, formed in the seve
Page 61 and 62: Fig. 1. Curonian pirates on the Bal
Page 63 and 64: them with a hail of spears and ston
Page 65 and 66: strait at Klaipėda if they were pu
Page 67 and 68: site of the old settlement (it is n
Page 69 and 70: HENRIKAS LATVIS. Livonijos kronikos
Page 71 and 72: Kai kurių pajūrio prekybos centr
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Fig. 1. The distribution of towns i
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Table 1. Historical data of towns o
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Fig. 3. Findspots of 17th to 19th-c
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Fig. 5. The drawing of the town of
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Fig. 6. The east wall of a mid-18th
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and Šiauliai (1617-1634). Historia
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Table 2. 16th to 20thcentury coins
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Fig. 8. A plate from Joniškis date
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Fig. 10. Parts of pots from the for
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Fig. 15. Glazed cups and a goblet f
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Fig. 17. Fragments of 18th-century
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Fig. 21. An iron awl, a needle, and
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at the beginning of the 17th centur
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Ernestas Vasiliauskas Faculty of Hu
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IV. LIFESTYLE IN TOWNS, PALACES AND
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Fig. 1. A map of the lands of the G
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The Mongol ‘happiness-knot’, of
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Eglė Zaveckienė National Museum T
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Fig. 1. A reconstruction of the Vil
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The location of churches in the Civ
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Fig. 4. Vilnius in the second and t
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Fig. 5. The locations of the Church
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Fig. 7. The location of the Church
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Fig. 10. The location of the Holy M
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Fig. 12. The location of the Church
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tiushkov locate it exactly where th
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Ataskaita (unpublished excavation r
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LITHUANIA`S ROOTS IN THE POTTERY OF
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and represent several different tra
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Fig. 3. Mugs from the New Jerusalem
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Fig. 5. Tableware: 1 from the New J
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a large variety of colourful glazes
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Fig. 8. Fragments of plates: 1 from
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Practical economy does not usually
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THE LUXURY LIFESTYLE IN THE NURMUI
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galvis 1995, p.27), so that in the
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Luxury lifestyle artefacts on the N
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Literature BLOMBERG, K. J., 1701. A
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Glass Bottles from the 16th Century
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Animal Breeding and Butchering: a G
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The Footwear of Klaipėda Dwellers
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Everyday Pottery from Klaipėda Cas
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Everyday Pottery from Klaipėda Cas
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Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla AR
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Plates II 1 2 Plate II ErnEsTAs VAs
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Plates IV Plate IV ErnEsTAs VAsiliA
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Plates VI 1 2 Plate VI INDRĖ ŠIMK
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Plates VIII 1 3.1 3.2 Plate VIII R
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