Tropical ginsberg

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30 3.4 Global Dominance Race Begins We must be ready to dare all for our country. For history does not long entrust the care of freedom to the weak or the timid. We must acquire proficiency in defense and display stamina in purpose. We must be willing, individually and as a Nation, to accept whatever sacrifices may be required of us. 50 Throughout the decade of 1950 the world witnessed a revolutionary uprising of countries seeking new forms of government, after decades, or in some cases centuries, of colonialism. For Soviets and Americans these uprisings presented themselves as possibilities to enhance their empires by creating new alliances. However strong Soviets and Americans were, they needed all the allies they could get. Through the covert of the CIA, Americans sought to contain any country which the CIA spies viewed as having a strong nationalist élan that challenged colonial governments; these countries were viewed as pro- Soviet, or as being communist funded. Iran’s 1953 coup d’ état became the first global American crusade in the forging of a new government, a pro-Western government. Even though the Prime-Minister, Mohammed Mosaddeq, was democratically elected (and the United States claimed to be fighting for democracy of the free-world), when he nationalised Iran’s oil, which had been under British control (Anglo-Iranian Oil Company), he immediately became a persona non grata for the Western hemisphere, and it did not take much time for Americans to sense the opportunity to expand their oil market into the Middle-East. Mosaddeq was deported, and a new monarch was put in power, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi, a somewhat Anglo-American puppet. Pahlevi would remain in power for the next 26 years, 51 which must have passed terribly slowly for the Iranian people, as they saw their most valuable resources being shipped abroad to the last drop. The next year, 1954, made CIA concerns move a lot closer to American grounds – Central America. The influences of socialism on 50 Bartleby Online. “Eisenhower’s Inaugural Address.” 3 July 2009. http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres54.html. 51 The Iranian vengeance would eventually happen with the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which brought to power the conservative regime of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, Guatemala’s president, 52 made him a target for CIA investigation, and his country a target for US intervention. Arbenz’s social and political reforms, his unionization, and his agrarian reforms, directly affected American interests. 53 Once more, as soon as an economic factor was involved in any American interest, military action was soon to follow. Operation PBSUCCESS, 54 which began in 1953, and ended in 1954, with a death toll in the hundreds of thousands, made Arbenz resign, in fear of his life, and the corrupt, yet pro-American, colonel Carlos Castillo Armas rise to power. Still in the same year, 1954, the longest, and most dreaded American conflict began to shape itself – the Vietnam war. After a fourmonth siege, on May 4 th , 1954, the French were forced to flee their Vietnam colony, making its future uncertain, and, worst of all, leaving it in the hands of communist Ho Chi Minh. Soon after, diplomatic discussions, regarding the future of Vietnam, took place in Geneva, with representatives from France, Vietnam, China, and United States. Two agreements 55 were made: First – a cease fire between French and Viet Minh, and a momentary split of Vietnam in two, North (where Ho Chi Minh remained), and South (where the French remained) of the 17 th parallel. Second – North and South would not make alliances with any foreign political party, and elections would happen in 1956 to join Vietnam again. Knowing that Ho Chi Minh would probably win the elections due to his enormous popularity among Vietnamese people, and fearing that if Vietnam was to fall under Communism, other neighboring countries would too (domino theory), the United States refused to sign the second agreement, and decided to establish its own government in the South, under the rule of Ngo Dinh Diem. Still in 1954, in a preventive action, the United States also fostered the creation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), a somewhat Asian NATO. Members of the SEATO 56 would mutually combat the expansion of Communism in Southeast Asia. Conflicts soon erupted between Americans, and Ho Chi 52 Democratically elected in 1950 53 The United Fruit Company, which had share holders like Allen Dulles, Head of CIA, owned a lot of land in Guatemala, and was not the least willing to have one mile taken away, and given to peasants. 54 CIA’s code-name for the coup. C.I.A. Online. 3 July 2009. http://www.foia.cia.gov/browse_docs.asp. 55 U.S. Department of State Online. “Vietnam Diplomatic Relations.” 28 June 2009. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/lw/88114.htm. 56 United States, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan 31
Page 1: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATAR
Page 4 and 5: 2 Catalogação na fonte pela Bibli
Page 6 and 7: 4 To the Empress, for reasons far b
Page 8 and 9: 6 ABSTRACT Through a dialogical rel
Page 10 and 11: 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I Intro
Page 12 and 13: 10 Although Tropicália coalesced a
Page 14 and 15: 12 America people began to change t
Page 16 and 17: 14 CHAPTER II Defining Concepts The
Page 18 and 19: 16 poetry as a new “revolutionary
Page 20 and 21: 18 definida, o tropicalismo introdu
Page 22 and 23: 20 by contemporary international tr
Page 24 and 25: 22 relationship to the object (for
Page 26 and 27: 24 way, or no way. Americans entere
Page 28 and 29: 26 grounds of the world became even
Page 30 and 31: 28 did not want to risk a major con
Page 34 and 35: 32 Minh’s army, and a cease fire
Page 36 and 37: 34 However, America’s success was
Page 38 and 39: 36 As Kennedy was commemorating 100
Page 40 and 41: 38 that could not be asked, neither
Page 42 and 43: 40 and now controlled its will. For
Page 44 and 45: 42 States. To oppose war meant that
Page 46 and 47: 44 Alongside Day on all her struggl
Page 48 and 49: 46 economic, and political. Even th
Page 50 and 51: 48 bourgeois or aristocrats.” 97
Page 52 and 53: 50 Finally, there is also the biogr
Page 54 and 55: 52 Mass media was then a promising
Page 56 and 57: 54 them - proved to be quite a “n
Page 58 and 59: 56 later be summed up on Médici sl
Page 60 and 61: 58 between the artists prevailed ab
Page 62 and 63: 60 Oiticica’s art and ideas were
Page 64 and 65: 62 The first phase of the Cinema No
Page 66 and 67: 64 imported distinguished directors
Page 68 and 69: 66 artists of the highest caliber m
Page 70 and 71: 68 songs of protest. The music itse
Page 72 and 73: 70 instruments, and singers’ voic
Page 74 and 75: 72 could have imagined that that se
Page 76 and 77: 74 “repente” 166 of Tom Zé, co
Page 78 and 79: 76 However, the onus of this mass a
Page 80 and 81: 78 Deslocar a arte do espaço no qu
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80 Ginsberg and other beat writers,
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82 for older poets, but it was exac
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84 like Vicente Celestino, 193 Catu
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86 their poetry and songs. The atom
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88 “macumba.” In both cases the
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90 connection, only a stream of wil
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92 6.4. Poetic Bodies in Action The
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94 artists of the time were ignorin
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96 of the cool youth of the United
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98 which would bring freedom and ju
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100 into myths, Caetano repeatedly
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102 wrong to consider such artists
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104 Americans of the 1950s as a nob
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106 Primary Sources REFERENCE LIST
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108 Chomsky, Noam, and Herman, Edwa
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110 Mendes, Murilo. “Pirâmide,
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112 U.S. Department of State Online
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114 lightning in the mind leaping t
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116 who howled on their knees in th
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118 who were burned alive in their
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120 and who therefore ran through t
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122 Breakthroughs! over the river!
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124 “America” America I've give
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126 Bloor made me cry I once saw Is
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128 “Sunflower Sutra” I walked
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130 So I grabbed up the skeleton th
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132 The warm bodies shine together
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134 “Batmacumba” Batmakumbayêy
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136 “Geleia Geral” Um poeta des
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138 Sem lenço sem documento Nada n
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