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sources of disturbance. Even if no one uses the term “atomic bomb security” here, Stachowiak notes that the surrounding granite and gneiss rock is highly resistant, that there is an overflight ban applying to military jets, and that tanks must not come within five kilometers, or about three miles. And, as this official in charge of the storage area likes to point out, “We place great value on the top quality of our containers.” Indeed, Klaus Kettner’s outline of the closure technology alone provides a hint of the sort of quality standards required of containers that have to resist high pressure; the stainless steel flanges are welded on the inside and the outside, a nut is worked into them, and a copper ring is placed in the nut. “We used to use a rubber ring, but that was too soft and became porous,” says Kettner. So they tested rings made from composition rubber, but those tore and dissolved. “Today,” adds Kettner, “we use pure copper insulation. The copper is rounded and welded at both ends, creating a slight bulge that is calibrated. The weld seam has to perfectly match the diameter in the original material. Only thus can we ensure total insulation.” In the end, everything is bolted together, and should remain sealed for several centuries. If a container has to be opened, the ring will have to be renewed because it is destroyed in the process. “It is a relatively complicated production process that requires a lot of manual skill,” Kettner says. Deep inside the mountain, there is no hint of that, only that the containers stored here today differ from their predecessors insofar as the latter were marked by a lot of welding seams. Their successors’ exterior intactness also applies to the interior. Sixteen rolls, each containing 1,520 meters of microfilm, can be stored on the “pie crusts” in a stainless steel container, effectively forever. As a sample for inspection, color copies of archived documents have been placed on a few containers. If, far in the future, someone wants to know more about the Peace of Venice in 1174, the title page of the Golden Bull of King Wenceslas of 1400, the Basic Rights of the German People according to the Empire Administrator Johann or Emperor Frederick August I’s call for public tenders on June 27, 1694, the answers will be found in the Barbara shelter. STEEL CONTAINERS FOR ‘THE LAND OF POETS AND THINKERS’ Which leads to the “why” question. The German Interior Ministry provides just €3 million for this type of archiving per year, which Stachowiak, without a trace of smugness, describes as a laughable sum for the self-styled “land of poets and thinkers.” He considers it a duty to carefully preserve cultural goods for future generations, an effort that needs to be thought through on a long-term basis immune from short-term mon- TK Magazine | 1 | 2004 | OBERRIED 109 etary concerns, specifically the German government’s cash crunch. “For years I have tried to point out what is at stake here, but the response from the federal and state ministries in charge of cultural protection leaves much to be desired,” Stachowiak says, somewhat resigned, because the shelter is such a remarkable project: the triple white-blue sign has been awarded just five times worldwide – and only once in Germany. A HERITAGE LASTING 1,000 YEARS The notion that digital archiving technologies will render this sort of storage area superfluous is rejected outright by Stachowiak. Together with the Fraunhofer Institute for physical measuring technology, the Central Office for Civil Protection is working on transferring digital data onto analog color film, because film lasts much longer than digital data carriers. And, he adds, the Internet would allow for the current usage of filmed archived material if this idea were put into practice. The fees for electronic representation on the Web would amortize a considerable share of the costs of archiving in Oberried, he says. So the Barbara shelter will be needed for a long time yet, and demand for its services may even grow. UCON will be happy to hear that more containers will be needed from 2004, to accommodate the microfilming of more library contents. The expert for the protection of cultural heritage points out that a second storage gallery will have to be opened up in the near future – for the sake of a future that preserves the past: in the dark, optimally air-conditioned, earthquake resistant, and surrounded by stainless steel. One that will last 500 or 1,000 years, maybe even 2,000 years or longer. It is therefore reassuring to learn that, unlike in the legend, there is no Barbarossa here who could leave the underground gallery to cause mischief among the people above. 7
110 GLOSSARY Basic materials at a glance What differentiates them and how many are nonetheless interlinked Ores are minerals that are so loaded with usable metal that they are suitable for metal generation. These ores, however, do not contain only the usable metals or their chemical compounds, but also other minerals (e.g. lime or quartz). Iron ores. The most important iron ores are iron-oxygen compounds such as magnetite, hematite and limonite (pyrite and iron pyrites are iron-sulfur compounds). They are used to gain iron through smoke firing with carbon in blast furnaces. Coke is commonly used for this purpose. The ferrous oxides are cogged with fluxes such as sand or limestone so that these, together with the remaining ores, form a slag that can easily be separated from the crude iron. Crude iron. The crude iron that leaves the blast furnace is very hard and brittle and cannot be formed mechanically. The reason: crude iron, which consists of 90 percent iron, also contains up to 5 percent carbon and other impurities such as manganese (2 percent), silicone (1 percent), phosphorus (0.3 percent) and sulfur (0.4 percent). Slags. A slag is the mixture formed from ores and flux in the blast furnace process. It consists, among other things, of silicic acid, metal oxides and lime. Because of its lower density, the slag floats on the liquid crude iron and solidifies into a hyaline mass after cooling. Slags are either disposed of or processed into blast furnace concrete. As so-called stabilized slag (which is processed into LiDonit ® through the combination of oxygen and quartz sand), it is also used in road construction as a surface cover with a high level of grip and resistance. Steel. Steel is a concept covering a large group of iron materials, which thanks to their good processing properties and durability count among the valuable production materials. If impurities are largely removed from crude iron and the carbon content is reduced to at most 2 percent, the result is malleable iron commonly known as steel. Carbon is an important alloy element of steel. Even small amounts of it influence the malleability and hardness of steel. Today, there are about 2,000 different types of steel, which can be divided into two major groups according to their chemical consistency and characteristics of use. Categorized by their chemical consistency, there are alloy and non-alloy steels. Categorized by application, there are basic steels, carbon steels and stainless steels. Stainless steel. In 1912, the company Fried. Krupp obtained the first-ever patent for the production of rust-resistant steel. From this time, rust-resistant stainless steel was supplied around the world. Since 1922, rustresistant stainless steel has been marketed under the NIROSTA ® brand, an abbreviation for the German translation of rust-resistant steel. In the case of stainless steel, the physical and chemical characteristics are improved by other alloy metals, so-called steel grafters. Chrome contributes to corrosion resistance and increases hardness. Together with nickel it improves corrosion resistance (NIROSTA ® ). Molybdenum and tungsten increase heat resistance so that the steel remains solid even in red heat. Vanadium improves solidity, while manganese reduces the abrasion from steel tools. Depending on the carbon content and added metals, the different stainless steels also sport different characteristics. ThyssenKrupp Stainless offers all rust-resistant metallic materials: rustresistant stainless steel, basic nickel alloys and titanium. TK Magazine | 1 | 2004 |
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magazine TK Think. Think it over. T
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2 CONTENTS 12 Sparklers bring a lit
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4 BOBSLEIGH RACING Susi Erdmann is
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6 BOBSLEIGH RACING Taken to extreme
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8 BOBSLEIGH RACING
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10 BOBSLEIGH RACING The bobsleigh c
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12 SPARKLERS Iron powder for golden
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14 SPARKLERS
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16 SPARKLERS Sparklers with a bouqu
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18 SPARKLERS STICHWORT Perhaps the
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20 Y SLEEPERS
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22 Y SLEEPERS
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24 Y SLEEPERS
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26 STICHWORT Y SLEEPERS The home of
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28 Y SLEEPERS on this Y sleeper sys
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30 ASSEMBLED CAMSHAFTS To anyone wh
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32 OIL TOOLS
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34 OIL TOOLS A “power slip” has
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36 OIL TOOLS
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38 CAB DESIGN
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40 CAB DESIGN If the side walls are
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42 MASTER BUILDER
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44 MASTER BUILDER She looks very el
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46 MASTER BUILDER
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48 LiDONIT By Sebastian Groß | Pho
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50 LiDONIT
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52 LiDONIT the earth slowly and ove
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54 NEWSTEELBODY
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56 NEWSTEELBODY tional auto bodies.
Page 59 and 60: 58 INTERVIEW
Page 61 and 62: 60 INTERVIEW above all, who decides
Page 63 and 64: 62 EDWARD G. BUDD
Page 66 and 67: EDWARD G. BUDD 65 superior to a woo
Page 68 and 69: TK Magazine | 1 | 2004 | EDWARD G.
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Page 72 and 73: TK Magazine | 1 | 2004 | The motto
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Page 80 and 81: Metal materials - and the man who k
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Page 84 and 85: Jochen Adams is a pragmatic man who
Page 86 and 87: Laser welding requires special stee
Page 88 and 89: Laser imprint without tolerance sun
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Page 92 and 93: must be no mix-up, so not one of th
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Page 106 and 107: OBERRIED 105 Safe from all the elem
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