Generic HACCP Model for Thermally Processed Commercial

Physical and Chemical Contamination
Andres, C. 1981. Food processors benefit from 2-piece vs. 3-piece can technology race. Food
Processing 42(6):124-126.
Advantages and drawbacks of 2- and 3-piece cans are discussed in the light of comments
from can manufacturers and food processors. 2-piece cans eliminate side- and
bottom-seams, thus reducing solder contact areas and lead (Pb) contamination, and
improving can integrity. 3-piece cans with welded side seams also eliminate Pb
contamination from this source, and are preferred for foods where both ends of the can
are opened for serving. FDA figures are presented to show that levels of Pb in canned
foods have declined since 1974, probably due to the advent of 2-piece cans and welded
side seams.
Barbieri, G. 1983. [Tinplate cans for foods, soldered with Lead/Tin (Pb/Sn) alloys.] Rivista della
Societa Italiana di Scienza dell'Alimentazione 12(2):125-126.
Uptake of Pb by foods in cans with longitudinal seams soldered with Pb/Sn alloys is
discussed, with reference to: possible health hazards; Pb concn. in canned foods; increases
in Pb concn. during storage; use of Pb-free Sn solder; quality control; and developments
in can-making technology reducing the risk of Pb contamination (e.g. use of 2-piece
cans).
Biffoli, R., et al. 1980.[Contamination of canned foods with metals.] Rivista della Societa Italiana
di Scienza dell'Alimentazione 9(4):241-246.
A total of 98 samples of canned foods (including tomato, meat, tuna, vegetable and fruit
products), collected from retail sources over the period Jan. 1978-July 1979, was
analysed for iron (Fe), Sn and Pb by AAS. A table of results is given. 27 of the 98 cans
were in poor condition. Overall ranges of values were (p.p.m.): Pb traces-10.1; Sn
8.5-34.6; and Fe 2.8-1710. 37 samples had Pb concn. less than 1 p.p.m., 30 had Pb concn.
of 1-2 p.p.m., 9 had Pb concn. of 2-3 p.p.m., and 22 had Pb concn. greater than 3 p.p.m.
Similarly, 13 samples had Sn concn. less than 50 p.p.m., 35 had Sn concn. of 50-100
p.p.m., 30 had Sn concn. of 100-200 p.p.m., and 20 had Pb concn. greater than 200
p.p.m.; and 74 samples had Fe concn. less than 50 p.p.m., 6 had Fe concn. of 50-100
p.p.m., 8 had Fe concn. of 100-200 p.p.m. and 10 had Fe concn. greater than 200 p.p.m.
Data are also given for 2 cans of anchovies in sauce purchased in May 1974 and analysed
with the other samples; at the time of examination, the cans were in poor condition.
Concn. of metals in the can contents were (p.p.m.): Pb 14 and 45; Sn 740 and 1840; and
Fe 1048 and 5800. The potential
health hazard from canned foods with high Pb contents is discussed, with reference to
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