Vo.4-Moshirnia-Final
Vo.4-Moshirnia-Final
Vo.4-Moshirnia-Final
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2013 / Valuing Speech and OSINT in the Face of Judicial Deference 390<br />
According to the NATO OSINT Handbook, “OSINT is absolutely<br />
vital to the all-source intelligence process. OSINT provides the historical<br />
background information, the current political, economic, social,<br />
demographic, technical, natural, and geographic context for operations,<br />
critical personality information, and access to a wide variety of tactically<br />
useful information about infrastructure, terrain, and indigenous matters. . . .<br />
[T]his vital element of . . . intelligence. . . has been too long neglected.” 17<br />
OSINT publications specifically mention aid organizations, NGOs, and the<br />
traditional media as important sources of OSINT. The 2002 NATO<br />
OSINT handbook notes that NGOs have “deep direct knowledge that can<br />
be drawn upon through informal coordination.” 18 Religious aid<br />
organizations are also “an essential source of overt information and expert<br />
perceptions.” 19 Academic papers, too, are a valuable source of OSINT. 20<br />
OSINT intelligence assists tradecraft and the intelligence cycle in<br />
four ways, increasing: immediacy of information, the ease of validating<br />
existing information, efficiency in collecting information, and the<br />
opportunity to disseminate information. First, open sources may alert<br />
classified sources of rapidly changing events. 21 CIA agents learned of the<br />
fall of the Berlin Wall by watching it on Television. 22 More recently,<br />
intelligence agencies tracked the development of the green revolution in<br />
Iran by examining Twitter messages (Tweets), blog posts, and YouTube<br />
uploads. 23 Second, OSINT lends context to and validates existing classified<br />
17 NATO OPEN SOURCE INTELLIGENCE HANDBOOK 36 (2001) [hereinafter OSINT<br />
Handbook].<br />
18 Id.<br />
19 Id.<br />
20 See MARK M. LOWENTHAL, INTELLIGENCE, FROM SECRETS TO POLICY 79 (2003); CRS<br />
Report, supra note 15, at 6–7. Robert Steele, an OSINT expert, argues that intelligence must<br />
derive from the “seven tribes” of intelligence: government, military, law enforcement,<br />
business, academic, ground truth (non-governmental and media), and civil (citizens, labor<br />
unions, religions). Robert David Steele, Open Source Intelligence 129, 145 n.2, in HANDBOOK<br />
OF INTELLIGENCE STUDIES, (Loch K. Johnson, ed., 2007).<br />
21 CODY BURKE, FREEING KNOWLEDGE, TELLING SECRETS: OPEN SOURCE INTELLIGENCE<br />
AND DEVELOPMENT 21 (2007); OSINT Handbook, supra note 17, at 39–40.<br />
22 ANTONIO J. MENDEZ, THE MASTER OF DISGUISE: MY SECRET LIFE IN THE CIA 337<br />
(1999); see also OSINT Handbook, supra note 17, at 39–40.<br />
23 Mark Landler & Brian Stetler, Washington Taps Into a Potent New Force in Diplomacy, N.Y.<br />
TIMES, June 16, 2009,<br />
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/17/world/middleeast/17media.html?_r=0. The use<br />
of trackback scripts to monitor Twitter is fairly simple and can give early warning about