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etween the different uses of virtus: its use in a military sense, and its use in other senses. II. The Usage of Virtus in Agricola This division of the word’s function provides a helpful framework for looking at how virtus takes on different meanings depending on its specific, contextual usage. Dividing the uses of virtus into instances where Tacitus employs the word in a primarily military sense and a primarily non-military sense broadly accounts for all of the different meanings that the word can take on. The word has a primarily military definition in 11.5, 15.5, 17.3, 23.1, 27.1, 27.3, 29.4, 31.4, 32.1, 33.2, 33.4, 37.3, and 39.3. All of these uses of the word occur in the middle sections of the work, either during or in reference to Agricola’s governorship of Britain. In these instances, virtus takes on the traditional, Republican meaning of the word, since in this context virtus refers to military exploits and skill, ideally executed and accomplished for the state. For example, when Tacitus writes about the Britons, he reports that “the Gauls were prosperous in war; soon sloth entered 96
with peace, when military excellence [virtus] was lost equally with liberty” (Nam Gallos quoque in bellis floruis; mox segnitia cum otio intravit, amissa virtute pariter ac libertate, 11.5). Also, when discussing the conquest of Britain, Tacitus writes that “Julius Frontinus… subjugated the strong and warlike race of the Silures with arms, when he overcame the military excellence [virtus] of the enemies, and the difficulties of the land” (Iulius Frontinus… validamque et pugnacem Silurum gentem armis subegit, super virtutem hostium locorum quoque difficultates eluctatus, 17.3). In these cases, the word virtus clearly means something close to “military excellence”; the sentence does not make sense with another meaning of the word. However, the word has a primarily non-military meaning in the rest of its uses in the work, specifically at 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 4.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.4, 9.5, 40.4, 41.1, 44.3, and 46.1, when it is not used in the context of Britain. In these sections, virtus does not primarily refer to Republican values, but it rather takes on new, non-traditional meanings. The opening sentence of Agricola illustrates the complex nature of the word virtus in this work. Tacitus writes that even in his present age, writers compose histories “as often as some great and noble virtue has conquered and has overcome a fault common to small and 97
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PARNASSUS _________________________
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Cover art by Allessandra Arduini iv
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By Debbie Chu, 2012 ● Folklore an
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Editor-in-Chief viii
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S.O.V. Michael Dunbar, 2015 _______
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A View of Law in Ancient Babylon: A
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the rule of law. The indecipherable
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exemplify the complex nature of Bab
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Bibliography Baikley, Nels M., and
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Plato’s Legacy: Whether the Repub
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as it not only comes after the Repu
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The first is that these dialogues a
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presented in “one session of a fe
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have labored to see if there is som
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theory. In this new metaphysical do
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conclusion on the questions raised,
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Socratics as well as contemporaries
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at hand. In the case at hand the tw
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Bibliography Brann, Eva. The Music
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Euripides’s Bacchae in Aeneid Boo
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Pentheus into going out alone to sp
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with the “traditionally Dionysiac
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covered spears” (pampineas… has
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the queen herself, after all, is th
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city like a “follower of Bacchus
Page 53 and 54: appear and call on him. Juno does n
Page 55 and 56: As a result, Allecto’s involvemen
Page 57 and 58: Aeneid: Vergil himself called the s
Page 59 and 60: Transference of Rage from Juno to A
Page 61 and 62: to pillage her most cherished city,
Page 63 and 64: fury. He is “exiled by fate” (f
Page 65 and 66: Aeneas takes an active role in the
Page 67 and 68: cannot tolerate the idea of the two
Page 69 and 70: establish a city in Latium. Nothing
Page 71 and 72: attlefield, fighting on behalf of T
Page 73 and 74: of Aeneas’ final question, eripia
Page 75 and 76: perflant…ruunt creberque procelli
Page 77 and 78: Bibliography Feeney, D.C. “The Re
Page 79 and 80: Folklore and Superstition in Petron
Page 81 and 82: crossing over the threshold, “one
Page 83 and 84: evident to even the most imprudent
Page 85 and 86: particular laughs “to the point o
Page 87 and 88: crowded city of Rome. Furthermore,
Page 89 and 90: concludes that “others can see wh
Page 91 and 92: she punishes him with either a spel
Page 93 and 94: fire, water was poured under the ta
Page 96 and 97: Bibliography Leverett, R.P. Lexicon
Page 98 and 99: The Complexities of Surviving Under
Page 100 and 101: connotations of the word in a parti
Page 102 and 103: denoting Republican values, it beco
Page 106 and 107: great states, ignorance of what is
Page 108 and 109: Likewise, Tacitus uses the word vir
Page 110 and 111: Tacitus does not use the word virtu
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Page 114 and 115: ultimately of more help to the stat
Page 116 and 117: of Rome, and even in Rome itself, i
Page 118 and 119: Continued reflection on Tacitus’s
Page 120 and 121: Disordering Freedom: The Relation b
Page 122 and 123: decline of eloquence, but also of f
Page 124 and 125: (37.6), by the lack of which both e
Page 126 and 127: freedom of speech because, it seems
Page 128 and 129: e moderating his point. His recent
Page 130 and 131: y pairs, with ensuing comparison of
Page 132 and 133: mentioned disloyalty and to become
Page 134 and 135: whatever “new things” (Ann. I.5
Page 136 and 137: Bibliography Daitz, Stephen. “Tac
Page 138 and 139: constructed by previous writers and
Page 140 and 141: the coast of Sicily. Silius makes i
Page 142 and 143: whereas Silius achieves a similar e
Page 144 and 145: oth poets whom Rome naturally subsu
Page 146 and 147: Greece and Rome on the French Stage
Page 148 and 149: establishes a human’s moral fault
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Andromaque Racine’s Andromaque, p
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Christian audience than with an anc
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Racine’s, is the relationship bet
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comes from St. Augustine. 12 All of
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leave, what furious looks he gave m
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moment of mercifulness toward Agrip
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duty, I want you to know that, to d
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against both their inclinations”
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of the most important influences on
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Suetonius. Life of Titus. Translate
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