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Disordering Freedom: The Relation between Disorder and Libertas in Tacitus Nikolas Churik, 2015 ________________________________________________ In the Annals, Tacitus refers to Arminius, a Germanic chieftain of fame from the Teutoburg forest, as both “the disrupter of Germania” (turbator Germaniae, I.55.2) and “doubtless the liberator of Germania” (liberator haud dubie Germaniae, II.88.2). By giving Arminius both of these appellations, Tacitus has created a link between two seemingly dissimilar words. Far from being totally distinct, these concepts are closely related: without disorder, there cannot be freedom. In particular, this is freedom of speech, as was understood during the Roman Republic. This relation has been previously illustrated in the Dialogus de Oratoribus (Dialogue on Orators), an earlier work, which pre-dates the Annals. That work presents a discussion on the decline of oratory and some of its possible causes. Though interpretations vary, one strain of thought considers the Dialogus to be a critique of certain 112
aspects of rule under the Empire. 1 This connection between civil disorder and libertas 2 continues as a theme in the Annals and is demonstrated in the interactions between Segestes and Arminius, two chiefs of the Germani. Through a consideration of the greater debate concerning the demise of oratory during the early Principate in the Dialogus and, then, an examination of the speeches by Arminius and Segestes, this connection will be made explicit. By applying the understanding of the association between civic order and quality of speech to the words of the Germanic chiefs, one can see the analogous relationship between civic order and the ability to speak. For freedom, especially freedom of speech, to exist, there needs to be a certain level of disorder. In a sense, there needs to be things about which to speak. With a single leader, there is no room for disagreement, so there is, then, no room for free speech and its result, eloquence. The discussion of the decline of eloquence and of its causes provides the topic for the Dialogus de Oratoribus. The peace of the Principate appears as a source not only of the 1 Roland Mayer, introduction to Dialogus de Oratoribus, ed. Roland Mayer (Cambridge: University Press, 2001), 5. 2 For a greater discussion of libertas as free speech, see Chaim Wirszubski, Libertas as a political idea at Rome during the late Republic and early Principate (Cambridge: University Press, 1950). 113
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PARNASSUS _________________________
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Cover art by Allessandra Arduini iv
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By Debbie Chu, 2012 ● Folklore an
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Editor-in-Chief viii
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S.O.V. Michael Dunbar, 2015 _______
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A View of Law in Ancient Babylon: A
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the rule of law. The indecipherable
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exemplify the complex nature of Bab
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Bibliography Baikley, Nels M., and
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Plato’s Legacy: Whether the Repub
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as it not only comes after the Repu
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The first is that these dialogues a
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presented in “one session of a fe
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have labored to see if there is som
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theory. In this new metaphysical do
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conclusion on the questions raised,
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Socratics as well as contemporaries
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at hand. In the case at hand the tw
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Bibliography Brann, Eva. The Music
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Euripides’s Bacchae in Aeneid Boo
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Pentheus into going out alone to sp
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with the “traditionally Dionysiac
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covered spears” (pampineas… has
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the queen herself, after all, is th
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city like a “follower of Bacchus
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appear and call on him. Juno does n
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As a result, Allecto’s involvemen
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Aeneid: Vergil himself called the s
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Transference of Rage from Juno to A
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to pillage her most cherished city,
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fury. He is “exiled by fate” (f
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Aeneas takes an active role in the
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cannot tolerate the idea of the two
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Page 73 and 74: of Aeneas’ final question, eripia
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Page 77 and 78: Bibliography Feeney, D.C. “The Re
Page 79 and 80: Folklore and Superstition in Petron
Page 81 and 82: crossing over the threshold, “one
Page 83 and 84: evident to even the most imprudent
Page 85 and 86: particular laughs “to the point o
Page 87 and 88: crowded city of Rome. Furthermore,
Page 89 and 90: concludes that “others can see wh
Page 91 and 92: she punishes him with either a spel
Page 93 and 94: fire, water was poured under the ta
Page 96 and 97: Bibliography Leverett, R.P. Lexicon
Page 98 and 99: The Complexities of Surviving Under
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Page 102 and 103: denoting Republican values, it beco
Page 104 and 105: etween the different uses of virtus
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Page 108 and 109: Likewise, Tacitus uses the word vir
Page 110 and 111: Tacitus does not use the word virtu
Page 112 and 113: (Pater illi Iulius Graecinus senato
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Page 116 and 117: of Rome, and even in Rome itself, i
Page 118 and 119: Continued reflection on Tacitus’s
Page 122 and 123: decline of eloquence, but also of f
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Page 128 and 129: e moderating his point. His recent
Page 130 and 131: y pairs, with ensuing comparison of
Page 132 and 133: mentioned disloyalty and to become
Page 134 and 135: whatever “new things” (Ann. I.5
Page 136 and 137: Bibliography Daitz, Stephen. “Tac
Page 138 and 139: constructed by previous writers and
Page 140 and 141: the coast of Sicily. Silius makes i
Page 142 and 143: whereas Silius achieves a similar e
Page 144 and 145: oth poets whom Rome naturally subsu
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Page 148 and 149: establishes a human’s moral fault
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Page 154 and 155: Andromaque Racine’s Andromaque, p
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of the most important influences on
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Suetonius. Life of Titus. Translate
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