Rehabilitation and Restoration Of Degraded Forests (PDF) - IUCN

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Chapter 9: Criteria for success Table 8. Potential indicators of success in restoration and rehabilitation programs Biophysical Socio-cultural Stability • No further disturbances occur • Stable human populations that promote degradation • Stable and equitable land tenure • Adequate plant cover or density system across landscape • Stable land use pattern • Vigorous plant growth • Adequate food supply and (e.g. tree height, diameters) standard of living • Appropriate community structure • Appropriate balance between (e.g. overstorey and understorey) tree and agricultural crops • Appropriate plant species present • Stable market prices (including range of life forms or • Stable firewood consumption rate functional groups) • Stable rate of water use • Appropriate wildlife species present (including mutualists) • Declining cover or populations of weeds and pest species • Appropriate trophic diversity (producers, consumers etc.) • Adequate regeneration or reproduction of desired species • Stable soil surfaces • Adequate water quality in streams draining from sites (e.g. reduced sedimentation or salinity) • Adequate crop or timber yields Efficiency • Decreasing need for inputs • Public involvement and such as fertilizers (because of participation in program nutrient cycling) • Income provided to community • Decreasing need for weed and pest control (because these are scarce or have been excluded) • Decreasing need for irrigation Flexibility • Increasing kinds of alternative • Increasing public ecological land use possible awareness (especially in children). • Increasing economic flexibility Socio-economic indicators are also shown in Table 8. These are divided into the same three categories: stability, efficiency and flexibility. Stability indicators reveal the extent to which human populations using the new forest and the lands surrounding it do so in a sustainable 93
REHABILITATION AND RESTORATION OF DEGRADED FORESTS way. If the human populations are themselves more or less stable and the patterns of land use and food production are constant then the regenerating forest has a chance of being able to develop without further disturbances. If, on the other hand, the human populations are increasing because of in-migration or because land tenure systems are inequitable, there is a much greater chance that land users will be obliged to start using the regenerating new forest in some way (e.g. for firewood collection, grazing or agriculture), and will disrupt the restoration process. At some stage, of course, such use of forest resources may be necessary; if that happens, different indicators (such as stable market prices or rate of firewood consumption) may be needed to measure whether such use is sustainable. A crucial element for the success of any restoration program is whether the local community is involved in its development and desire its success. The extent to which the community continues to be actively involved in a project is thus an important indicator of its likelihood of success. In addition, a project may cease to mean a cost to the community and start providing direct economic benefits. Public knowledge about ecological issues and the ability this provides the community to respond to changes in the forest condition is another aspect of community involvement. There are other ways to monitor recovery. One of these, which is appropriate for restoration, is shown in Figure 10. In this case the number of species present in certain life forms is compared with the number of species in these groups normally found in the undisturbed target ecosystem. The example in Figure 10 reflects the fact that some species or life forms have recovered more quickly. A similar approach might be developed using the functional groups or species present in various trophic levels in a system. These types of approaches depend on the presence of nearby undisturbed sites to act as reference areas. Not all attempts at rehabilitation will succeed. Sometimes recovery will only go so far before the community composition or structure stabilizes at a transitional state that is different from the desired outcome. In many situations this may not matter provided functional outcomes are achieved (e.g. preventing soil erosion, overcoming salinisation). 94
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Chapter 2 Degradation REHABILITATIO
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Rehabilitation and Restoration Of Degraded Forests (PDF) - IUCN

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