tapir behavior- an examination of activity patterns, mother young ...

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22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Anatomy & Physiology Figure 3. Publications on captive tapirs by subject area. Literature on Tapirs in Captivity based on Subject Area Behavior Development Genetics Husbandry Longevity Medical Nutrition Reproduction Other 5 Scientific Literature Accounts (such as notes, observations, & other published material) Total Publications
GENERAL CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Within the mammalian order of Perissodactyla are three families; Tapiridae (tapirs), Equidae (horses, zebras, and asses), and Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses). First appearing in the Paleocene, the extant Perissodactyla have a modified ankle joint with restricted lateral movement which serves as an adaptation for running (Hooker, 1994; Norman and Ashley, 2000). Tapiridae includes four extant species, three in the New World and one Old World. This discontinuous distribution is the remnant of a former widespread distribution across Europe, North America, Asia, and South America during the Pleistocene. The number of tapirs is declining worldwide, and all species of tapir are either threatened or endangered due to habitat loss and fragmentation and/or hunting (Ashley et al., 1996; Cohn, 2000). As with many large mammals, tapirs are more prone to extinction; part of what makes them particularly vulnerable is a low reproductive rate (Cohn, 2000; Daily et al., 2003). All species of tapir share a similar morphology- long rounded body, stout legs, a trunk-like proboscis, three toes on each hind foot, and four toes on each front foot 6
Page 1 and 2: TAPIR BEHAVIOR- AN EXAMINATION OF A
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing these ackn
Page 5 and 6: My family and friends, especially m
Page 7 and 8: V. DISCUSSION .....................
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Perc
Page 11 and 12: 32. pRDA displaying the relationshi
Page 13 and 14: tapir behavior will provide importa
Page 15: different species, and only general
Page 19 and 20: 20-30 million years ago 21-25 milli
Page 21 and 22: Habitat loss and fragmentation is t
Page 23 and 24: occupied during the day was much la
Page 25 and 26: selection to facilitate thermoregul
Page 27 and 28: To obtain detoxifying chemicals, ta
Page 29 and 30: growth during the first year of the
Page 31 and 32: MALAY TAPIR (Tapirus indicus) Distr
Page 33 and 34: Habitat use Tapirs are nocturnal fo
Page 35 and 36: 1990; Williams and Petrides, 1980).
Page 37 and 38: Social Behavior Once thought to be
Page 39 and 40: STUDY AREA CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
Page 41 and 42: Figure 7. Schematic of the Malay ta
Page 43 and 44: Figure 8. Schematic of the Baird’
Page 45 and 46: Figure 9. Representative schematic
Page 47 and 48: PILOT STUDY In August 2005, I condu
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Individual and the dates a
Page 51 and 52: Table 4. Different groupings of beh
Page 53 and 54: SPATIAL USE Each enclosure was divi
Page 55 and 56: 7/7/2006 made up the before landsca
Page 57 and 58: Figure 11. Baird’s tapir exhibit
Page 59 and 60: MOTHER- YOUNG INTERACTIONS The phys
Page 61 and 62: deviance (G 2 ) and degrees of free
Page 63 and 64: ehaviors in the “other” categor
Page 65 and 66: Lying Down Investigation Lying Down
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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
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Stationary behaviors had were low i
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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
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When comparing species, the Malay t
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80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
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80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
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Melvin, whereas investigation was a
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SPATIAL USE For each individual, th
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-0.8 0.8 PCA Axis 2 Lying Down SF S
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-0.8 PCA Axis 2 0.8 Lying Down U1 C
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-1.0 1.0 RDA Axis 2 UL H20 Investig
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The Redundancy Anaylsis (RDA) of be
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Table 8. The hierarchical log-linea
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ACTIVITY PATTERNS General Patterns
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Swaisgood and Shepherdson, 2005). Z
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temperature and often occurs during
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The RDA indic
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while allowing tapirs to be in more
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For Cayos, sections V and U2 were a
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investigation can be explained by o
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MOTHER-YOUNG INTERACTIONS Of the be
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ZOOS The recomm
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LITERATURE CITED Abdulali H. 1952.
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Bodmer RE. 1995. Priorities for the
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Downer CC. 1997. Status and Action
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Fumagalli JRR. 2004. Relative abund
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Janzen DH. 1982. Natural history of
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Mallapur A, Qureshi Q, Chellam R. 2
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Naranjo Pinera EJ. 2002. Population
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Powell DM, Carlstead K, Tarou LR, B
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Seitz S. 2002a. New, modernized tap
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White BC, Houser LA, Fuller JA, Tay
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APPENDIX 120
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Table 11. Literature on tapirs in c
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Magnoliopsida cont. 156+ Dispersed
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Magnoliopsida cont. 156+ Dispersed
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Magnoliopsida cont. 94+ Dispersed (
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VITA Maurine Jennifer Gilmore Candi
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