tapir behavior- an examination of activity patterns, mother young ...

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BAIRD’S TAPIR (Tapirus bairdii) Distribution and Threats Baird’s tapir (Tapirus bairdii) has a limited and highly fragmented range extending from southern Mexico to the northwestern section of Ecuador (Figure 5). Locally extirpated from El Salvador, and regions of Ecuador, Mexico, and Central America; Baird’s tapir is considered highly vulnerable and is endangered due to habitat loss and hunting. (Alais et al., 2002; Daily et al., 2003; Eisenberg, 1988; ESA, 2005; Flesher, 1999; Fumagalli, 2004; Norton and Ashley, 2004a). Figure 5. Distribution of the Baird’s tapir (Matola et al., 1997). 9
Habitat loss and fragmentation is the major threat to Baird’s tapir (Flesher, 1999). Seventy five percent of Baird’s tapir habitat in Central America has been destroyed over the past forty years and habitat availability models estimate tapir habitat will continue to decline (Cohn, 2000; Cuaron, 2000). The fragmented nature of the range has increased the probability of demographic, genetic, or environmental stochasticity causing extinction (Scott and Castleberry, 2004). Throughout this range, some areas are protected in parks and reserves; however, only a handful are large enough to sustain long term populations of tapirs (Norton and Ashley, 2004a). Baird’s tapir is preferred game in most of the Neotropics and hunted throughout its range (Daily et al., 2003; Estrada, 2004; Wright et al., 2000). Tapirs are hunted, not only because they provide a large amount of meat, but in some areas can increase the status of the hunter (Cohn, 2000; Townsend, 2002). Overhunting is extremely common, and as early as the 1930s, Baird’s tapir began showing reduction in area occupied due to hunting and poaching (Enders, 1939; Naranjo Pinera, 2002). Hunting has reduced tapirs in some areas from 20.6% to 3.6% of the mammalian biomass (Eisenberg and Thorington, 1973). Tapirs are vulnerable to hunting and have slow recovery rates (Naranjo Pinera, 2002). Poaching increases during Christmastime because people want extra money (Morris, 2005). Baird’s tapirs have among the lowest heterozygosity and allelic diversity reported in large mammals (Norton and Ashley, 2004a). This is consistent with a history of isolation or a bottleneck which occurred about 25-50 generations earlier (Norton and Ashley, 2004a). At that time throughout Central America, major industrial and agricultural development was beginning, resulting in habitat destruction and 10
Page 1 and 2: TAPIR BEHAVIOR- AN EXAMINATION OF A
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing these ackn
Page 5 and 6: My family and friends, especially m
Page 7 and 8: V. DISCUSSION .....................
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Perc
Page 11 and 12: 32. pRDA displaying the relationshi
Page 13 and 14: tapir behavior will provide importa
Page 15 and 16: different species, and only general
Page 17 and 18: GENERAL CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERA
Page 19: 20-30 million years ago 21-25 milli
Page 23 and 24: occupied during the day was much la
Page 25 and 26: selection to facilitate thermoregul
Page 27 and 28: To obtain detoxifying chemicals, ta
Page 29 and 30: growth during the first year of the
Page 31 and 32: MALAY TAPIR (Tapirus indicus) Distr
Page 33 and 34: Habitat use Tapirs are nocturnal fo
Page 35 and 36: 1990; Williams and Petrides, 1980).
Page 37 and 38: Social Behavior Once thought to be
Page 39 and 40: STUDY AREA CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
Page 41 and 42: Figure 7. Schematic of the Malay ta
Page 43 and 44: Figure 8. Schematic of the Baird’
Page 45 and 46: Figure 9. Representative schematic
Page 47 and 48: PILOT STUDY In August 2005, I condu
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Individual and the dates a
Page 51 and 52: Table 4. Different groupings of beh
Page 53 and 54: SPATIAL USE Each enclosure was divi
Page 55 and 56: 7/7/2006 made up the before landsca
Page 57 and 58: Figure 11. Baird’s tapir exhibit
Page 59 and 60: MOTHER- YOUNG INTERACTIONS The phys
Page 61 and 62: deviance (G 2 ) and degrees of free
Page 63 and 64: ehaviors in the “other” categor
Page 65 and 66: Lying Down Investigation Lying Down
Page 67 and 68: 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 69 and 70: Stationary behaviors had were low i
Page 71 and 72:
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 73 and 74:
When comparing species, the Malay t
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80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
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80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
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Melvin, whereas investigation was a
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SPATIAL USE For each individual, th
Page 83 and 84:
-0.8 0.8 PCA Axis 2 Lying Down SF S
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-0.8 PCA Axis 2 0.8 Lying Down U1 C
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-1.0 1.0 RDA Axis 2 UL H20 Investig
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The Redundancy Anaylsis (RDA) of be
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Table 8. The hierarchical log-linea
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ACTIVITY PATTERNS General Patterns
Page 95 and 96:
Swaisgood and Shepherdson, 2005). Z
Page 97 and 98:
temperature and often occurs during
Page 99 and 100:
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The RDA indic
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while allowing tapirs to be in more
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For Cayos, sections V and U2 were a
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investigation can be explained by o
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MOTHER-YOUNG INTERACTIONS Of the be
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ZOOS The recomm
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LITERATURE CITED Abdulali H. 1952.
Page 113 and 114:
Bodmer RE. 1995. Priorities for the
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Downer CC. 1997. Status and Action
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Fumagalli JRR. 2004. Relative abund
Page 119 and 120:
Janzen DH. 1982. Natural history of
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Mallapur A, Qureshi Q, Chellam R. 2
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Naranjo Pinera EJ. 2002. Population
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Powell DM, Carlstead K, Tarou LR, B
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Seitz S. 2002a. New, modernized tap
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White BC, Houser LA, Fuller JA, Tay
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APPENDIX 120
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Table 11. Literature on tapirs in c
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Magnoliopsida cont. 156+ Dispersed
Page 137 and 138:
Magnoliopsida cont. 156+ Dispersed
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Magnoliopsida cont. 94+ Dispersed (
Page 141 and 142:
VITA Maurine Jennifer Gilmore Candi
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