tapir behavior- an examination of activity patterns, mother young ...

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Table 3. Ethogram summarizing behavior noted in tapirs by previous research and used for data collection in this study. Compiled from (BAG, 2005; Hunsaker and Hahn, 1965; Lehner, 1996; Mahler, 1984b; McDonnell, 2002; McDonnell and Haviland, 1995; Seitz, 2000a; Torres et al., 2004a; Waring, 1983). Behavioral Unit Abbreviation Description Aggression Ag The subject is demonstrating behaviors toward a conspecific (c), another species (sp) or an object (o) that are violent in nature Approach Ap One animal moves toward the other animal Attempted Nursing AN The attempt to suckle for milk. Bite Bite The closing of the jaw on self (s) conspecific (c) another species (sp) or an object (o) Defecating Def The expelling of fecal matter Drinking Dr The intake of water- defined by the moment at which the animal introduced the snout in the water & sucks Eating E The intake of food Flehmen Fh Head elevated & neck extended, with eyes rolled back, the ears rotated to the side, & the upper lip curled exposing the upper incisors & adjacent gums. The head may roll to one side or from side-to-side. Typically occurs in association with olfactory investigation Following Follow The animals travels in the same direction as a conspecific (c), another species (sp) or an object (o) Grooming Gr Cleaning of self (s), conspecific (c), another species (sp) Kick Kick Movement of one leg while standing. Licking Lick Movement of tongue on a conspecific (c), another species (sp) or an object (o) Lying down L The animal rests on the ground in a horizontal position Mating/ Mt The female moves near the male. The male sniffs & bites. The female complies & Courtship the male supports the mandible on her back. The female is mounted & copulation occurs. Mouth Movement MM The movement of the mouth- not biting, chewing, or eating. Moving MA The animal travels in a direction away from a conspecific (c), another species (sp) or away an object (o) Pawing Paw To touch or strike at with a hoof Play Play Includes solitary locomotive (sl), chasing (c), object (o), & fighting (f) Push Push One animal uses the force of its body to move an object (o) or conspecific (c) Rolling in dust RD Rolling on the ground in substrate Rubbing Rub Moving body back & forth on an object (o) or conspecific (c) Running R The animal moves at a quick pace. During a complete cycle, the animal could touch the ground with one, two & occasionally three extremities; in this last case one only occurs when gallop is slow. Scratching Sc Rubbing of the body against a different body part or a surface. Shake Shake Moment of the body/ body part from a side to side Sitting St Position where an individual was supported on hind quarters with rear on the ground. Smelling Sm The inhalation of air- either directed at an object, determined site, or in the air. Soliciting So Seeking attention Spray Sp Urination or defecation in defined places Standing Std The animal remains unmoving in an upright position. Submission Sb The subject is demonstrating behaviors toward or in reaction to a conspecific (c), another species (sp) or object (o) that are passive in nature Suckling Suck Young suckles teat for milk Swimming Sw Animal is fully or partially in the water Touching T Movement of the proboscis on a conspecific (c), another species (sp) or an object (o) Urinating U The expelling of urine Vocalization V Sound produced by the tapir through the oral or sinus cavity Walking Wk Movement at a slower speed & during a complete cycle, the animal alternates on three extremities Watching Wa To look at something 39
Table 4. Different groupings of behaviors used for various statistical analyses. Behaviors Observed 40 Behavior Groupings 1 2 3 Aggression Aggression Other Other Attempted Nursing Feeding Ingest Ingest Bite Aggression Other Other Combination Urination & Spray Other Other Other Cough Other Other Other Defecation Other Other Other Drinking Drinking Ingest Ingest Eating Feeding Ingest Ingest Fart Other Other Other Follow Locomotion Locomotion Locomotion Hit Aggression Other Other Kick Aggression Other Other Lying Down Lying Down Lying Down Stationary Lick Licking Lick Other Move Away From Locomotion Locomotion Locomotion Mouth Movement Other Other Other Nudge Other Other Other Nursing Feeding Ingest Ingest Paw Other Other Other Play Other Other Other Push Aggression Other Other Rub Other Other Other Run Locomotion Locomotion Locomotion Shake Other Other Other Sigh Vocalization Other Other Sit Sit Sit Stationary Smelling Investigation Investigation Investigation Sneeze Other Other Other Spray Other Other Other Standing Stand Stand Stationary Stretch Other Other Other Swimming Swim Swim Swim Touch Investigation Investigation Investigation Trot Locomotion Locomotion Locomotion Urination Other Other Other Vocalizations Vocalization Other Other Walk Locomotion Locomotion Locomotion Watch Investigation Investigation Investigation Yawn Other Other Other Bad BAD BAD BAD
Page 1 and 2: TAPIR BEHAVIOR- AN EXAMINATION OF A
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing these ackn
Page 5 and 6: My family and friends, especially m
Page 7 and 8: V. DISCUSSION .....................
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Perc
Page 11 and 12: 32. pRDA displaying the relationshi
Page 13 and 14: tapir behavior will provide importa
Page 15 and 16: different species, and only general
Page 17 and 18: GENERAL CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERA
Page 19 and 20: 20-30 million years ago 21-25 milli
Page 21 and 22: Habitat loss and fragmentation is t
Page 23 and 24: occupied during the day was much la
Page 25 and 26: selection to facilitate thermoregul
Page 27 and 28: To obtain detoxifying chemicals, ta
Page 29 and 30: growth during the first year of the
Page 31 and 32: MALAY TAPIR (Tapirus indicus) Distr
Page 33 and 34: Habitat use Tapirs are nocturnal fo
Page 35 and 36: 1990; Williams and Petrides, 1980).
Page 37 and 38: Social Behavior Once thought to be
Page 39 and 40: STUDY AREA CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
Page 41 and 42: Figure 7. Schematic of the Malay ta
Page 43 and 44: Figure 8. Schematic of the Baird’
Page 45 and 46: Figure 9. Representative schematic
Page 47 and 48: PILOT STUDY In August 2005, I condu
Page 49: Table 2. Individual and the dates a
Page 53 and 54: SPATIAL USE Each enclosure was divi
Page 55 and 56: 7/7/2006 made up the before landsca
Page 57 and 58: Figure 11. Baird’s tapir exhibit
Page 59 and 60: MOTHER- YOUNG INTERACTIONS The phys
Page 61 and 62: deviance (G 2 ) and degrees of free
Page 63 and 64: ehaviors in the “other” categor
Page 65 and 66: Lying Down Investigation Lying Down
Page 67 and 68: 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 69 and 70: Stationary behaviors had were low i
Page 71 and 72: 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 73 and 74: When comparing species, the Malay t
Page 75 and 76: 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Page 77 and 78: 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Page 79 and 80: Melvin, whereas investigation was a
Page 81 and 82: SPATIAL USE For each individual, th
Page 83 and 84: -0.8 0.8 PCA Axis 2 Lying Down SF S
Page 85 and 86: -0.8 PCA Axis 2 0.8 Lying Down U1 C
Page 87 and 88: -1.0 1.0 RDA Axis 2 UL H20 Investig
Page 89 and 90: The Redundancy Anaylsis (RDA) of be
Page 91 and 92: Table 8. The hierarchical log-linea
Page 93 and 94: ACTIVITY PATTERNS General Patterns
Page 95 and 96: Swaisgood and Shepherdson, 2005). Z
Page 97 and 98: temperature and often occurs during
Page 99 and 100: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The RDA indic
Page 101 and 102:
while allowing tapirs to be in more
Page 103 and 104:
For Cayos, sections V and U2 were a
Page 105 and 106:
investigation can be explained by o
Page 107 and 108:
MOTHER-YOUNG INTERACTIONS Of the be
Page 109 and 110:
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ZOOS The recomm
Page 111 and 112:
LITERATURE CITED Abdulali H. 1952.
Page 113 and 114:
Bodmer RE. 1995. Priorities for the
Page 115 and 116:
Downer CC. 1997. Status and Action
Page 117 and 118:
Fumagalli JRR. 2004. Relative abund
Page 119 and 120:
Janzen DH. 1982. Natural history of
Page 121 and 122:
Mallapur A, Qureshi Q, Chellam R. 2
Page 123 and 124:
Naranjo Pinera EJ. 2002. Population
Page 125 and 126:
Powell DM, Carlstead K, Tarou LR, B
Page 127 and 128:
Seitz S. 2002a. New, modernized tap
Page 129 and 130:
White BC, Houser LA, Fuller JA, Tay
Page 131 and 132:
APPENDIX 120
Page 133 and 134:
Table 11. Literature on tapirs in c
Page 135 and 136:
Magnoliopsida cont. 156+ Dispersed
Page 137 and 138:
Magnoliopsida cont. 156+ Dispersed
Page 139 and 140:
Magnoliopsida cont. 94+ Dispersed (
Page 141 and 142:
VITA Maurine Jennifer Gilmore Candi
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