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TAPIR BEHAVIOR- AN EXAMINATION OF ACTIVITY PATTERNS, MOTHER YOUNG INTERACTIONS, SPATIAL USE, AND Thesis Approved: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN CAPTIVITY ON TWO SPECIES (Tapirus indicus & Tapirus bairdii) Tracy S. Carter, Ph.D. Thesis Adviser Timothy J. O’Connell, Ph.D. James H. Shaw, Ph.D. A. Gordon Emslie, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate College ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing these acknowledgements is extremely humbling because there are so many people who have helped me to reach this point. Thanks to everyone who has played even a small role, I deeply appreciate all that you have done. First of all I really want to thank all the members of my committee. Dr. Tracy Carter, you gave me freedom to do what I wished with my project, allowing me to follow my heart be it what it may, and ultimately walk away with a degree that is truly my own. Dr. Jim Shaw, aside from all the time and wonderful advice you have given me over the course of my time here you have also given me what is and will probably remain the most treasured compliment of my life. Additionally, you reminded me exactly what my twelve year-old self set out to do so many years ago and made me realize I have finally accomplished her goal. Dr. Tim O’Connell, your insight and guidance are almost as amazing as your ability to stand up for what is right and fair. As long as I live I will strive to be as good of a person as you are. Thank you all so much. I owe a big thanks to Sedgwick County Zoological Gardens, in particular Dr. Sandy Wilson, the keepers and the office staff, for allowing me access to their beautiful tapirs and offered much help along the way. Also thanks to Ernie, Allie, Melvin, Schnapps, and Cayos I will never forget you. iii
Page 1: TAPIR BEHAVIOR- AN EXAMINATION OF A
Page 5 and 6: My family and friends, especially m
Page 7 and 8: V. DISCUSSION .....................
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Perc
Page 11 and 12: 32. pRDA displaying the relationshi
Page 13 and 14: tapir behavior will provide importa
Page 15 and 16: different species, and only general
Page 17 and 18: GENERAL CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERA
Page 19 and 20: 20-30 million years ago 21-25 milli
Page 21 and 22: Habitat loss and fragmentation is t
Page 23 and 24: occupied during the day was much la
Page 25 and 26: selection to facilitate thermoregul
Page 27 and 28: To obtain detoxifying chemicals, ta
Page 29 and 30: growth during the first year of the
Page 31 and 32: MALAY TAPIR (Tapirus indicus) Distr
Page 33 and 34: Habitat use Tapirs are nocturnal fo
Page 35 and 36: 1990; Williams and Petrides, 1980).
Page 37 and 38: Social Behavior Once thought to be
Page 39 and 40: STUDY AREA CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
Page 41 and 42: Figure 7. Schematic of the Malay ta
Page 43 and 44: Figure 8. Schematic of the Baird’
Page 45 and 46: Figure 9. Representative schematic
Page 47 and 48: PILOT STUDY In August 2005, I condu
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Individual and the dates a
Page 51 and 52: Table 4. Different groupings of beh
Page 53 and 54:
SPATIAL USE Each enclosure was divi
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7/7/2006 made up the before landsca
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 11. Baird’s tapir exhibit
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MOTHER- YOUNG INTERACTIONS The phys
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deviance (G 2 ) and degrees of free
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ehaviors in the “other” categor
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Lying Down Investigation Lying Down
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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
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Stationary behaviors had were low i
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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
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When comparing species, the Malay t
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80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
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80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
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Melvin, whereas investigation was a
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SPATIAL USE For each individual, th
Page 83 and 84:
-0.8 0.8 PCA Axis 2 Lying Down SF S
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-0.8 PCA Axis 2 0.8 Lying Down U1 C
Page 87 and 88:
-1.0 1.0 RDA Axis 2 UL H20 Investig
Page 89 and 90:
The Redundancy Anaylsis (RDA) of be
Page 91 and 92:
Table 8. The hierarchical log-linea
Page 93 and 94:
ACTIVITY PATTERNS General Patterns
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Swaisgood and Shepherdson, 2005). Z
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temperature and often occurs during
Page 99 and 100:
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The RDA indic
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while allowing tapirs to be in more
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For Cayos, sections V and U2 were a
Page 105 and 106:
investigation can be explained by o
Page 107 and 108:
MOTHER-YOUNG INTERACTIONS Of the be
Page 109 and 110:
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ZOOS The recomm
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LITERATURE CITED Abdulali H. 1952.
Page 113 and 114:
Bodmer RE. 1995. Priorities for the
Page 115 and 116:
Downer CC. 1997. Status and Action
Page 117 and 118:
Fumagalli JRR. 2004. Relative abund
Page 119 and 120:
Janzen DH. 1982. Natural history of
Page 121 and 122:
Mallapur A, Qureshi Q, Chellam R. 2
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Naranjo Pinera EJ. 2002. Population
Page 125 and 126:
Powell DM, Carlstead K, Tarou LR, B
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Seitz S. 2002a. New, modernized tap
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White BC, Houser LA, Fuller JA, Tay
Page 131 and 132:
APPENDIX 120
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Table 11. Literature on tapirs in c
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Magnoliopsida cont. 156+ Dispersed
Page 137 and 138:
Magnoliopsida cont. 156+ Dispersed
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Magnoliopsida cont. 94+ Dispersed (
Page 141 and 142:
VITA Maurine Jennifer Gilmore Candi
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