tapir behavior- an examination of activity patterns, mother young ...

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Thanks to the Zoology Department of Oklahoma State University for providing me with a place to study and teach. A big thanks to Meredith Hamilton for allowing me to be her TA for Human Heredity, I learned so much from you about how to be a great instructor not to mention the interesting facets of human genetics. I would also like to thank Dr. William Warde of the Statistics Department for his patient statistical expertise and wonderfully colorful stories. Additionally, the OSU library staff did a great job finding the obscure papers I requested, their efforts are very appreciated. I would also like to thank the attendees of the Third International Tapir Symposium in Buenos Aires, Argentine for their helpful comments on this project while it was still in conception. Thank you to the zoology graduates students, in particular Meredith, Zach, and (of course) the women of LSW 414- Haley, Rosh, and Erin. I appreciate all time we have shared together be it studying, venting over cups of tea, laughing with Harold, Kumar, Neil Patrick Harris, and Tenacious D, or reenacting movies on some else’s lawn. You all made this a more memorable experience. Additionally I would like to thank this random though important mix of people. Adam Austin, you are a crazy, strange, and fascinating man, thanks for all your help and bringing the “kids” into my life. Thanks to Mike Slackenerny and Jorge Cham for pulling me through right when I didn’t think I could take anymore. Adam Bergeron, you are a god at computers without your help I would have thrown my laptop out of the window and gone back to living in the woods, so thank you very much. Ani DiFranco, thanks for keeping me on this side of that dark line. iv
My family and friends, especially my parents, brothers and nephews, who have provided me with enduring support and have consistently made me feel loved and valued. In memory of David Jensen, whose death reminded me that life is too short to let your dreams pass you by. Grace and Brody, you are a daily reminder of how wonderful life can be. Thank you for all the long walks, games of Frisbee, nights cuddling on the couch, and other lovely distractions you have provided over the years. I love you both very much. What do you say when thank you doesn’t begin to cover the gratitude you feel? Dan McGlinn, the thanks I owe to you is beyond words. The best I can do is say thank you and borrow this blessing from Edward Abbey- “May your trails be crooked, winding, lonesome, dangerous, leading to the most amazing view. May your mountains rise into and above the clouds.” Hopefully, I will be holding your hand with two dogs trotting alongside us. v
Page 1 and 2: TAPIR BEHAVIOR- AN EXAMINATION OF A
Page 3: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing these ackn
Page 7 and 8: V. DISCUSSION .....................
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Perc
Page 11 and 12: 32. pRDA displaying the relationshi
Page 13 and 14: tapir behavior will provide importa
Page 15 and 16: different species, and only general
Page 17 and 18: GENERAL CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERA
Page 19 and 20: 20-30 million years ago 21-25 milli
Page 21 and 22: Habitat loss and fragmentation is t
Page 23 and 24: occupied during the day was much la
Page 25 and 26: selection to facilitate thermoregul
Page 27 and 28: To obtain detoxifying chemicals, ta
Page 29 and 30: growth during the first year of the
Page 31 and 32: MALAY TAPIR (Tapirus indicus) Distr
Page 33 and 34: Habitat use Tapirs are nocturnal fo
Page 35 and 36: 1990; Williams and Petrides, 1980).
Page 37 and 38: Social Behavior Once thought to be
Page 39 and 40: STUDY AREA CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
Page 41 and 42: Figure 7. Schematic of the Malay ta
Page 43 and 44: Figure 8. Schematic of the Baird’
Page 45 and 46: Figure 9. Representative schematic
Page 47 and 48: PILOT STUDY In August 2005, I condu
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Individual and the dates a
Page 51 and 52: Table 4. Different groupings of beh
Page 53 and 54: SPATIAL USE Each enclosure was divi
Page 55 and 56:
7/7/2006 made up the before landsca
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 11. Baird’s tapir exhibit
Page 59 and 60:
MOTHER- YOUNG INTERACTIONS The phys
Page 61 and 62:
deviance (G 2 ) and degrees of free
Page 63 and 64:
ehaviors in the “other” categor
Page 65 and 66:
Lying Down Investigation Lying Down
Page 67 and 68:
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 69 and 70:
Stationary behaviors had were low i
Page 71 and 72:
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 73 and 74:
When comparing species, the Malay t
Page 75 and 76:
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Page 77 and 78:
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Page 79 and 80:
Melvin, whereas investigation was a
Page 81 and 82:
SPATIAL USE For each individual, th
Page 83 and 84:
-0.8 0.8 PCA Axis 2 Lying Down SF S
Page 85 and 86:
-0.8 PCA Axis 2 0.8 Lying Down U1 C
Page 87 and 88:
-1.0 1.0 RDA Axis 2 UL H20 Investig
Page 89 and 90:
The Redundancy Anaylsis (RDA) of be
Page 91 and 92:
Table 8. The hierarchical log-linea
Page 93 and 94:
ACTIVITY PATTERNS General Patterns
Page 95 and 96:
Swaisgood and Shepherdson, 2005). Z
Page 97 and 98:
temperature and often occurs during
Page 99 and 100:
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The RDA indic
Page 101 and 102:
while allowing tapirs to be in more
Page 103 and 104:
For Cayos, sections V and U2 were a
Page 105 and 106:
investigation can be explained by o
Page 107 and 108:
MOTHER-YOUNG INTERACTIONS Of the be
Page 109 and 110:
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ZOOS The recomm
Page 111 and 112:
LITERATURE CITED Abdulali H. 1952.
Page 113 and 114:
Bodmer RE. 1995. Priorities for the
Page 115 and 116:
Downer CC. 1997. Status and Action
Page 117 and 118:
Fumagalli JRR. 2004. Relative abund
Page 119 and 120:
Janzen DH. 1982. Natural history of
Page 121 and 122:
Mallapur A, Qureshi Q, Chellam R. 2
Page 123 and 124:
Naranjo Pinera EJ. 2002. Population
Page 125 and 126:
Powell DM, Carlstead K, Tarou LR, B
Page 127 and 128:
Seitz S. 2002a. New, modernized tap
Page 129 and 130:
White BC, Houser LA, Fuller JA, Tay
Page 131 and 132:
APPENDIX 120
Page 133 and 134:
Table 11. Literature on tapirs in c
Page 135 and 136:
Magnoliopsida cont. 156+ Dispersed
Page 137 and 138:
Magnoliopsida cont. 156+ Dispersed
Page 139 and 140:
Magnoliopsida cont. 94+ Dispersed (
Page 141 and 142:
VITA Maurine Jennifer Gilmore Candi
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