The Leyden and Stockholm Papyri - University of Cincinnati

THE LEYDEN & STOCKHOLM PAPYRI
! 35.! The most recent study is D. Helm, Farben und Färben von Edelsteinen
in der Antike, Doctoral Dissertation, Frankfurt am Main, 1978. This has little to
say on the modern replication of ancient recipes for the dying of crystals.
! 36.! Modern examples of the surface dying of natural crystals are well
known. However, most of these have involved synthetic coal-tar dyes and layered
minerals, such as mica or various clays, though examples involving quartz
have also been reported. For some lead-in references, see B. Kahr, R. W. Gurney,
“Dying Crystals,” Chem. Rev., 2001, 101, 893-951.
! 37. !The only suggestive reference to ancient examples of crystal dying I
have encountered occurs in E. W. Lane, An Account of the Manners and Customs
of the Modern Egyptians, Ward, Lock & Co: 1890, p. 231, where the
author refers to the use of salt crystals dyed with indigo and other plant extracts
in the superstitious rituals of early 19th-century Egyptians. This carries only the
implication of more ancient origins and, in any case, involves growing the salt
crystals in an aqueous solution of the dye, rather than the surface dying techniques
described in the Stockholm papyrus. The resulting product is known as a
dye inclusion crystal or DIC and is the primary focus of the review cited in reference
36. Since brine was often used as part of the recipes for dying wool given
in the Stockholm papyrus, it is possible that examples of DIC salt crystals were
first accidently discovered among the dye vat residues.
! 38.! Biographical information based on A. J. Ihde, A Quarter Century of
the Dexter Awards, Division of the History of Chemistry, American Chemical
Society, 1981.
! 39. !E. R. Caley, The Metals and Their Compounds in Ancient Times, M.S.
Thesis, Ohio State University: Columus, OH, 1925.
! 40.! E. R. Caley, The Composition of Ancient Greek Coins, American
Philosophical Society: Philadelphia, PA, 1939.
! 41.! E. R. Caley, Chemical Composition of Parthean Coins, American
Numismatic Society: New York, NY, 1955.
! 42.! E. R. Caley, J. F. Richards, Theophrastus on Stones, Ohio State University
Press: Columbus, OH, 1956.
! 43.! E. R. Caley, Analyses of Ancient Glasses, 1790-1957, A Comprehensive
and Critical Survey, Corning Museum of Glass: Corning, NY, 1962.
! 44. !E. R. Caley, Orichalcum and Related Ancient Alloys: Origin, Composition
and Manufacture with Special Reference to the Coinage of the Ancient
Roman Empire, American Numismatic Society: New York, NY, 1964.!
! 45. !E. R. Caley, Analysis of Ancient Metals, Pergamon: New York, NY, 1964.
! 46.! E. R. Caley, Metrological Tables, American Numismatic Society: New
York, NY, 1965.
! 47.! E. R. Caley, J. S. Belkin, Eucharius Rössln the Younger On Minerals
and Mineral Products, Chapters from his Kreutterbüch, de Gruyter: Berlin, 1978.
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