3.30 MB - Academy of Medicine of Malaysia

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MANAGEMENT OF HIV INFECTION IN CHILDREN Table 3 - Guidelines for the use of ARV agents in Pediatric HIV infection. (Adapted from 46, Level 9 ) Age Initiate Treatment Consider Defer 100,000 copies /ml - VL 100,000 copies /ml - VL 350 cells/mm3 and - CD4 >350 cells/mm3 and • Asymptomatic or mild symptoms - VL
3.2.3 Issues and choice for initial antiretroviral therapy a) Baseline resistance testing MANAGEMENT OF HIV INFECTION IN CHILDREN Transmitted or primary drug resistance of HIV-1 has been reported in several countries with prevalence of genotypic resistance (among adult patients) ranging from 1% for major mutations in Malaysia 155, Level 8 to 27.4% in San Francisco. 156; Level 6 Trends in the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance over the last decade have been reported as increasing in several countries including Europe, 157, Level 6 the United States 158, Level 6 and the UK 159, Level 6 while some others such as Australia 160, Level 8 , France 161, Level 8 and Amsterdam 162, Level 8 have reported a decreasing trend. Transmitted resistance has been reported in both acute and chronic infections. Among children with HIV infection, data from France and the US have 163, Level 6; 164, Level 8 indicated prevalence of 12-20%. These reports have largely come from countries with history of extensive use of antiretrovirals (including mono and dual therapy) prior to HAART becoming available. There are very little data on primary resistance in Malaysia. The only study by Tee et al 165, Level 8 from a small single centre cross sectional study among 100 recently diagnosed ARV naïve patients reported a prevalence of 1% (genotypic resistance) for major mutations conferring high level resistance. There have been numerous reports of emergence of resistance among HIV-1 infected pregnant women receiving ARVs for treatment or for PMTCT. However there are few reports of transmitted resistance and its significance among infants and children. Resistance to ZDV is usually seen after several months of partly suppressive therapy 166, Level 9 and reported rates have ranged from 6.3% genotypic resistance in the 076 study 167, Level 6 to 24% in the WITS study predominantly among treatment-experienced women. 168, Level 6 Among mothers given ZDV there have been conflicting reports of the risk of transmission of resistant 168, Level 6 ; 169; Level 6 viral strains to the newborn ranging from none to 5 fold risk. There have been reports of rapid development of resistance to 3TC in pregnant women especially related to duration of use but overall transmission to the newborn has been low. 170, Level 8;15, Level 6;171, Level 8 Similarly the use of single dose NVP although associated with development of resistance in the mother, has not been associated with an increased risk of MTCT of resistant subtypes. There have been very few reports evaluating the significance of transmitted drug resistance and the value of determining baseline resistance prior to initiating therapy and there have been no such studies in children and 26
Page 2 and 3: This Guideline is intended a guide
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Page 8 and 9: REVIEW COMMITTEE The draft guidelin
Page 12 and 13: TABLE OF CONTENTS MANAGEMENT OF HIV
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MANAGEMENT OF HIV INFECTION IN CHIL
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Appendix 6 MANAGEMENT OF HIV INFECT
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Appendix 7 MANAGEMENT OF HIV INFECT
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3.30 MB - Academy of Medicine of Malaysia

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