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MANAGEMENT OF HIV INFECTION IN CHILDREN 120 Vermund SH, Holland C, Wilson CM, et al .Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HIV status in adolescent girls: the Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health (REACH) Project. Int Conf AIDS. 1998; 12: 142-143. 121 Joura EA, Leodolter S, Hernandez-Avila M, et al. Efficacy of a quadrivalent prophylactic human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against high-grade vulval and vaginal lesions: a combined analysis of three randomised clinical trials. Lancet. 2007;369:1693-1702. 122 Graham SM, Mtitimila EI, Kamanga HS, et al. Clinical presentation and outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Malawian children.Lancet. 2000 Jan 29;355 (9201):369-73. Lancet. 2000 Mar 4;355(9206):850. 123 Chintu C, Mudenda V, Lucas S, et al. Lung diseases at necropsy in African children dying from respiratory illnesses: a descriptive necropsy study. Lancet. 2002 Sep 28;360 (9338):985-990. 124 Madhi SA, Cutland C, Ismail K, et al. Ineffectiveness of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis and the importance of bacterial and viral coinfections in African children with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2002.35:1120-1126. 125 Thea DM, Lambert G, Weedon J, et al. Benefit of primary prophylaxis before 18 months of age in reducing the incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and early deaths in a cohort of 112 human immunodeficiency virus–infected infants. Pediatrics. 1996; 97:59–64. 126 Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Spooner E, et al. Routinely available cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and occurrence of respiratory and diarrhoeal morbidity in infants born to HIV-infected mothers in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2005 May;95(5):339-345. 127 Chokephaibulkit K, Wanachiwanawin D, Chearskul S, et al. Pneumocystis carinii severe pneumonia among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Thailand: the effect of a primary prophylaxis strategy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Feb;18(2):147-152. 128 Chintu C, Bhat GJ, Walker AS, et al. Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Feb 26-Mar 4;365(9461):749-750. 129 WHO Expert Consultation on Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis in HIV Infection Geneva International Conference Centre Report of a WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, 10-12 May 2005. 130 Paediatric Formulary Committee. British National Formulary for Children Publishing Group, 2006. London: BMJ 131 McIntosh K, Cooper E, Xu J, et al. Toxicity and efficacy of daily vs. weekly dapsone for prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. ACTG 179 Study Team. AIDS Clinical Trials Group.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 May;18(5):432-439. 132 US Public Health Service and Infectious Diseases Society of America, 1999 USPHS /IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR Morb Wkly Rep. 1999; 48 (RR- 10) : 1-6. 133 Principi N, Marchisio P, Onorato J, et al. Long-term administration of aerosolized pentamidine as primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants and children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Italian Pediatric Collaborative Study Group on Pentamidine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996 Jun 1;12(2):158-163. 61
MANAGEMENT OF HIV INFECTION IN CHILDREN 134 Gibb DM, Duong T, Tookey PA, et al. National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood Collaborative HIV Paediatric Study. Decline in mortality, AIDS, and hospital admissions in perinatally HIV-1 infected children in the United Kingdom and Ireland. BMJ. 2003;327:1019. 135 Doerholt K, Duong T, Tookey P, et al. Outcomes for human immunodeficiency virus- 1-infected infants in the United kingdom and Republic of Ireland in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2006 May;25(5):420-426. 136 Gortmaker SL, Hughes M, Cervia J, et al .Effect of combination therapy including protease inhibitors on mortality among children and adolescents infected with HIV-1. N. Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 22;345(21):1522-1528. 137 Granados JMS, Amador JTR, Miguel SF, et al. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the morbidity and mortality in Spanish human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:863-867. 138 De Martino M, Tovo PA, Balducci M, et al. Reduction in mortality with availability of antiretroviral therapy for children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children and the Italian National AIDS Registry. JAMA. 2000 Jul 12;284(2): 190-197. 139 McConnell MS, Byers RH, Frederick T, et al; Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease Consortium. Trends in antiretroviral therapy use and survival rates for a large cohort of HIV-infected children and adolescents in the United States, 1989-2001. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Apr 1;38(4):488-494. 140 Resino S, Resino R, Maria Bellón J, et al. Spanish Group of Pediatric HIV Infection. Clinical outcomes improve with highly active antiretroviral therapy in vertically HIV type- 1-infected children. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 15;43(2):243-252. 141 Bertolli J, Hsu HW, Sukalac T T, et al. Hospitalization trends among children and youths with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection, 1990-2002. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Jul;25(7):628-633. 142 Gona P, Van Dyke RB, Williams PL, et al Incidence of opportunistic and other infections in HIV-infected children in the HAART era. JAMA. 2006 Jul 19;296(3):292-300. 143 Verweel G, Van Rossum AM, Hartwig NG, et al. Treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children is associated with a sustained effect on growth. Pediatrics. 2002 Feb;109(2):E25. 144 Puthanakit T, Oberdorfer A, Akarathum N, et al. Efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children participating in Thailand’s National Access to Antiretroviral Program. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 1;41(1):100-107. 145 Dunn D; HIV Paediatric Prognostic Markers Collaborative Study Group. Short-term risk of disease progression in HIV-1-infected children receiving no antiretroviral therapy or zidovudine monotherapy: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003 Nov 15;362(9396):1605-1611. 146 Faye A, Bertone C, Teglas JP, et al. Early multitherapy including a protease inhibitor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected infants.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002 Jun;21(6):518-525. 147 Aboulker JP, Babiker A, Chaix ML, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy started in infants under 3 months of age: 72-week follow-up for CD4 cell count, viral load and drug resistance outcome. AIDS. 2004 Jan 23;18(2):237-245. 62
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This Guideline is intended a guide
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MANAGEMENT OF HIV INFECTION IN CHIL
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REVIEW COMMITTEE The draft guidelin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS MANAGEMENT OF HIV
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