Investigation of the optically stimulated luminescence dating method ...

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II Contents 3.2.1.2.2. The single-aliquot regenerative-dose technique (SAR)....................................................................64 3.2.2. Preheating and thermal transfer ........................................................75 3.2.2.1. Preheating ........................................................................75 3.2.2.2. Unwanted thermal transfer...............................................79 3.2.3. Equivalent dose variability ...............................................................82 3.2.3.1. Partial bleaching...............................................................83 3.2.3.2. Microdosimetry................................................................86 3.2.3.3. Post-depositional mixing .................................................87 3.2.3.4. Analysis of equivalent dose variability............................88 3.2.3.4.1. Dose distribution methods....................................89 3.2.3.4.2. Signal analysis methods........................................95 3.3. The annual dose............................................................................................99 3.3.1. Natural radioactivity .........................................................................99 3.3.2. Radioactive disequilibria ................................................................102 3.3.3. Cosmic radiation .............................................................................104 3.3.4. Techniques for annual dose determination .....................................106 3.3.5. The effect of moisture.....................................................................107 3.3.6. Efficiency........................................................................................108 3.3.7. Attenuation and the effect of etching..............................................109 3.3.8. The contribution of 87 Rb .................................................................115 3.3.9. Internal radioactivity.......................................................................116 Chapter 4: Implementation of the optical dating method – a pilot study on the coversands from Ossendrecht ........................................................................................119 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................119 4.2. Geological setting.......................................................................................119 4.3. Independent age information......................................................................124 4.4. Sampling and field measurements..............................................................127 4.5. Equivalent dose determination...................................................................129 4.5.1. Sample preparation .........................................................................129 4.5.2. Aliquot preparation and presentation..............................................132 4.5.3. Sample purity ..................................................................................133 4.5.4. Measurement and irradiation facilities............................................135 4.5.5. Data collection and processing .......................................................139 4.5.6. Calibration of the irradiation facilities............................................140 4.5.7. Equivalent dose determination........................................................143 4.5.7.1. De determination using the multiple-aliquot additive-dose (MAAD) technique ........................................................143 4.5.7.2. De determination using the single-aliquot additive-dose (SAAD) technique .........................................................144 4.5.7.3. De determination using the single-aliquot regenerativedose (SAR) technique ....................................................147 4.5.7.4. evaluation of the MAAD and SAR technique ...............156 4.6. Annual dose determination.........................................................................158 4.6.1. Gamma-ray spectrometry................................................................159
Contents III 4.6.1.1. Field NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry.........................159 4.6.1.2. Low-background Ge gamma-ray spectrometry .............160 4.6.2. Neutron activation analysis.............................................................164 4.6.3. Thick source alpha counting ...........................................................167 4.6.4. Evaluation of the results..................................................................168 4.6.5. Conversion factors ..........................................................................173 4.7. Age calculation, optical ages and discussion .............................................174 4.8. Further equivalent dose determination using SAR ....................................179 4.8.1. Determination of the De distributions .............................................180 4.8.2. Investigations on the origin of the dose distributions .....................183 4.8.2.1. Experimental artefact? ...................................................183 4.8.2.2. Partial bleaching?...........................................................185 4.8.2.3. Variations in microdosimetry?.......................................189 4.8.3. Discussion .......................................................................................191 4.9. Conclusions ................................................................................................192 Chapter 5: Application of the optical dating method in a case-study – the Late Pleniglacial coversands of Grubbenvorst ....................................................................195 5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................195 5.2. Geological setting.......................................................................................195 5.3. Independent age information......................................................................199 5.4. Sampling and field measurements..............................................................202 5.5. Equivalent dose determination...................................................................208 5.5.1. Sample preparation .........................................................................208 5.5.2. Aliquot preparation and presentation..............................................208 5.5.3. Equivalent dose determination........................................................209 5.5.3.1. Influence of the preheat temperature on the De .............209 5.5.3.2. Influence of the size of the test dose on the De..............217 5.5.3.3. Dose recovery tests ........................................................219 5.5.3.4. Equivalent dose distributions.........................................226 5.5.3.4.1. Dose distribution in the aeolian sample (G9) .....226 5.5.3.4.2. Dose distributions in the fluvio-aeolian samples (G1, G7 and G8) .................................................231 5.5.3.4.3. Dose distributions in the fluvio-aeolian / fluvial samples (G3 and G4) ..........................................235 5.5.3.4.4. Dose distributions in the fluvial samples (G10 and G21) ...................................................................238 5.5.3.4.5. Discussion...........................................................241 5.6. Annual dose determination.........................................................................244 5.6.1. Gamma-ray spectrometry................................................................244 5.6.1.1. Field NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry.........................244 5.6.1.2. Low-background Ge gamma-ray spectrometry .............245 5.6.2. Neutron activation analysis.............................................................253 5.6.3. Thick source alpha counting ...........................................................255 5.6.4. Comparison and evaluation of the results.......................................259
Page 1: Department of Analytical Chemistry
Page 5: I would also like to thank the many
Page 10 and 11: IV Contents 5.6.4.1. Comparison of
Page 12 and 13: 2 Introduction the dating signal co
Page 14 and 15: 4 Introduction considered as a type
Page 16 and 17: 6 Chapter 1 The luminescence signal
Page 18 and 19: 8 Chapter 1 Figure 1.2: Energy-leve
Page 20 and 21: 10 Chapter 1 The term • S × D re
Page 22 and 23: 12 Chapter 1 The spontaneous signal
Page 24 and 25: 14 Chapter 1 A number of natural do
Page 26 and 27: 16 Chapter 1 Depending on the wavel
Page 28 and 29: 18 Chapter 2 from quartz. This is q
Page 30 and 31: 20 Chapter 2 Figure 2.2: OSL emissi
Page 32 and 33: 22 Chapter 2 A set-up of the possib
Page 34 and 35: 24 Chapter 2 Figure 2.5: Influence
Page 36 and 37: 26 Chapter 2 where N is the number
Page 38 and 39: 28 Chapter 2 charge in one way or a
Page 40 and 41: 30 Chapter 2 2.5. Quartz OSL compon
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Page 46 and 47: 36 Chapter 2 As will be outlined in
Page 48 and 49: 38 Chapter 2 2.8. Intrinsic lumines
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Page 52 and 53: 42 Chapter 2 The implication of the
Page 54 and 55: 44 Chapter 2 Godfrey-Smith et al. (
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48 Chapter 2 lies in its relevance
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3.1. The age equation - CHAPTER 3 -
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The optical dating method 53 Disadv
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The optical dating method 55 1994),
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The optical dating method 57 follow
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The optical dating method 59 The ca
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The optical dating method 61 3.2.1.
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The optical dating method 63 Step T
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The optical dating method 65 Figure
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The optical dating method 67 single
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The optical dating method 69 determ
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The optical dating method 71 Net OS
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The optical dating method 73 temper
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The optical dating method 77 reprod
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The optical dating method 81 strong
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The optical dating method 87 cause
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The optical dating method 89 theref
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The optical dating method 91 distri
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The optical dating method 93 instan
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The optical dating method 95 It can
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The optical dating method 97 OSL si
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The optical dating method 99 3.3. T
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The optical dating method 101 Figur
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The optical dating method 103 It is
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The optical dating method 105 expla
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The optical dating method 107 there
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The optical dating method 109 Becau
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The optical dating method 111 Figur
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The optical dating method 113 Atten
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The optical dating method 115 Final
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The optical dating method 117 Numbe
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120 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1: Location
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122 Chapter 4 Figure 4.2: Litho- an
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124 Chapter 4 former Late-glacial S
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126 Chapter 4 Age (ka) Lithostratig
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128 Chapter 4 Figure 4.3: The sampl
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130 Chapter 4 and the sand was wash
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132 Chapter 4 extremely well for se
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134 Chapter 4 not uncommon to obser
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136 Chapter 4 which the aliquots ca
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138 Chapter 4 necessary to obtain a
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140 Chapter 4 commercially availabl
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142 Chapter 4 Throughout this work,
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144 Chapter 4 inter-aliquot differe
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146 Chapter 4 OSL (normalised) 1.0
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148 Chapter 4 40 s at 125ºC. The f
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150 Chapter 4 D e (Gy) D e (Gy) 12
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152 Chapter 4 For samples OS-2 (Fig
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154 Chapter 4 Recovered / given dos
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156 Chapter 4 Risø (Gy) Ghent (Gy)
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158 Chapter 4 also put through a co
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160 Chapter 4 calibration spectrum
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162 Chapter 4 keV and 1764.5 keV) a
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164 Chapter 4 (h: OS-2) Equivalent
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166 Chapter 4 Spectrum analysis was
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168 Chapter 4 decay series are meas
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170 Chapter 4 Ratio NAA / low-level
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172 Chapter 4 Ratio field γ-spec.
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174 Chapter 4 • • D β D γ Th
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176 Chapter 4 Total Uncertainty (ka
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178 Chapter 4 Fink (2000) also appl
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180 Chapter 4 Indeed, in the assump
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182 Chapter 4 Number of Aliquots Nu
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184 Chapter 4 recycled OSL signals
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186 Chapter 4 indication that the s
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188 Chapter 4 agreement between the
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190 Chapter 4 Normalised K concentr
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192 Chapter 4 is planned. Further t
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- CHAPTER 5 - APPLICATION OF THE OP
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Application of the optical dating m
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Luminescenc
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Summary and conclusions 277 observe
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Summary and conclusions 279 were fo
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- APPENDIX - A NOTE ON PAIRS COUNTI
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A note on pairs counting 283 in whi
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A note on pairs counting 285 Substi
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A note on pairs counting 287 same w
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A note on pairs counting 289 from c
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292 Nederlandse samenvatting sedime
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294 Nederlandse samenvatting 5%. Ov
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296 Nederlandse samenvatting in een
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298 Nederlandse samenvatting (binne
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II References Aitken M.J. (1998). A
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IV References Bailey R.M. (2002). S
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VI References Banerjee D., Murray A
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VIII References Bortolot V.J. (1997
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X References Bulur E. (1996). An al
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XII References Clarke M.L., Rendell
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XIV References Duller G.A.T. (1994a
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XVI References Felix C. and Singhvi
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XVIII References Galloway R.B. (199
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XX References Hossain S.M. and De C
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XXII References Jacobs Z., Duller G
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XXIV References KAYZERO/SOLCOI soft
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XXVI References Li S.-H. and Wintle
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XXVIII References McKeever S.W., Ag
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XXX References Murray A.S. (2000).
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XXXII References Murray A.S., Olley
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XXXIV References Prescott J.R. and
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XXXVI References Rieser U. (1991).
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XXXVIII References Schilles T., Poo
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XL References Spooner N.A. (1994b).
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XLII References Stoneham. D. and St
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XLIV References Van den haute P., V
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XLVI References Wagner G.A. (1998).
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XLVIII References Wintle A.G. and H
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L References Zander A., Duller G.A.
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