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6. Unless otherwise indicated, these defnitions are all from the DOD Dictionary. During World War II, the British used the term “combined” in the way “joint” is used today and generally used the term “combined operations” to describe amphibious operations. 7. An amphibious force is an amphibious task force (a Navy task organization formed to conduct amphibious operations) and a landing force (a Marine Corps or Army task organization formed to conduct amphibious operations) together with other forces that are trained, organized, and equipped for amphibious operations. 8. US Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Publication 3-02, Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations (Washington, DC: GPO, 2001), I-2–I-3; Joint Publication 3- 8, Joint Doctrine for Forcible Entry Operations, Appendix A, “Amphibious Operations” (Washington, DC: GPO, 2001). 9. Headquarters, Department of the Army, Field Manual (FM) 60-10, Amphibious Operations: Regiment in Assault Landings (Washington, DC: GPO, 1952), 2–3. 10. Attack transports (Navy designation APA) and attack cargo ships (AKA), originally called combat loaders, were transports (troop carriers) and cargo ships modifed to carry landing craft suitable for amphibious assaults. An APA could carry a battalion of troops. Three APAs and an AKA could carry a regiment. Tanks and other heavy equipment were normally carried in LSTs. The other major Korean War era amphibious ship was the landing ship, dock (LSD), a 475-foot ship that could carry landing craft, amphibious tractors, or amphibious trucks in a well deck that could be fooded to allow the craft to be launched under their own power through stern gates. Smaller landing ships were 203-foot long landing ships, medium (LSMs) and 120-foot landing ships, utility (LSU), which had been known as landing craft, tank (LCT) during World War II and were redesignated landing craft, utility (LCU) after the Korean War. Landing craft were ramped vessels small enough to be carried aboard APAs, AKAs, or LSTs and included several types of 36-foot vessels designed to put troops and light vehicles on the beach and 56-foot landing craft, mechanized (LCM), originally intended to carry tanks. Some rubber boats were also designated as landing craft. Amphibious vehicles included landing vehicles, tracked (LVT), which were amphibious tractors; armored LVTs mounting howitzers; and amphibious trucks, of which the most important and numerous was the DUKW, or “Duck,” an amphibious 2½-ton truck; Friedman and Baker, U.S. Amphibious Ships and Craft, 117–124. The development of these ships, craft, and vehicles is discussed in chapter 2. A descriptive list of amphibious ships and craft in use at the time of the Korean War is at appendix B. . DOD Dictionary. 2. René de Kerchove, International Maritime Dictionary, 2d ed. (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., October 1961). 3. de Kerchove, International Maritime Dictionary; Headquarters, Department of the Army, FM -02, Operational Terms and Graphics (Washington, DC: GPO, 2004). 8
4. DOD Dictionary. 5. US Navy, Seapower for a New Era: A Program Guide to the New Navy (Washington, DC: Department of the Navy, 2007), 22, www.navy.mil/navydata/ policy/seapower/spne07/top-spne07.html (accessed 20 June 2008). 16. Headquarters, United States Marine Corps, Direct Reporting Program Manager, Advanced Amphibious Assault, “Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle,” efv. usmc.mil/ (accessed 7 May 2007). 17. Headquarters, United States Marine Corps, “Expeditionary Maneuver Family of Concepts,” Marine Corps Concepts and Programs, 2005, hqinet00 . hqmc.usmc.mil/p&r/concepts/2005/PDF/Ch2PDFs/CP05%20Chapter% 202%20 Warfghting%20Concepts%20pg%20025_Expeditionary%20Maneuver%20Warf are%20Family%20of%20Concepts.pdf (accessed 13 May 2007). 8. Henry B. Cook, “Sea Basing and Maritime Pre-positioning,” Army Logistician, Vol. 35, Issue 3 (May–June 2004): 36–39. The latest statement of Marine Corps doctrinal concepts as of the time of this writing (June 2008) is, US Marine Corps, Concepts and Program 2008 (Washington, DC: Headquarters, US Marine Corps, 2008), www.usmc.mil/units/hqmc/pandr/Documents/ Concepts/2008/toc.htm (accessed 20 June 2008). 19. George E. Buker makes this point and uses the term “fuid concourses” in Swamp Sailors: Riverine Warfare in the Everglades, 1835–1842 (Gainesville FL: University Presses of Florida, 1975), 4–5. The DOD Dictionary defnes riverine operations as “operations conducted by forces organized to cope with and exploit the unique characteristics of a riverine area, to locate and destroy hostile forces, and/or to achieve or maintain control of the riverine area. Joint riverine operations combine land, naval, and air operations, as appropriate, and are suited to the nature of the specifc riverine area in which operations are to be conducted.” Scott C. Truver, “The Sea Base: Cornerstone of the U.S. Tri-Service Maritime Strategy,” Naval Forces, Vol. XXIX, No. II (2008): 9–19; US Navy Seapower for a New Era, 24–25, 4– 30. 9
Page 1 and 2: Over the Beach US Army Amphibious O
Page 3 and 4: Over the Beach US Army Amphibious O
Page 5: Foreword The Combat Studies Institu
Page 8 and 9: Colonel Clark Summers shared his ex
Page 11 and 12: Contents Page Foreword ............
Page 13 and 14: Page The Invasion of North Korea ..
Page 15: Page 16. Incheon Landing overview .
Page 18 and 19: maintained an amphibious capability
Page 20 and 21: A Note on Defnitions 5 Most amphibi
Page 22 and 23: Maneuver from the Sea, Ship-to-Obje
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 2 Amphibious Heritage Ameri
Page 29 and 30: craft that came to be known as the
Page 31 and 32: prows, wooden bulwarks to protect t
Page 33 and 34: smoothly and, reinforced by some 60
Page 35 and 36: Pacifc; while Australian forces sei
Page 37 and 38: Staff organization in February 1942
Page 39 and 40: Lejeune defned the primary mission
Page 41 and 42: Army observers participated in the
Page 43 and 44: 1940 to discuss US-British naval co
Page 45 and 46: San Diego, California. GHQ exercise
Page 47 and 48: posts for amphibious operations: fr
Page 49 and 50: cadre of American Army offcers and
Page 51 and 52: crisis diverted shipping and ruled
Page 53 and 54: The training was to be conducted by
Page 55 and 56: Thereafter, the Amphibious Force, A
Page 57 and 58: In the absence of any Navy support
Page 59 and 60: Japanese submarines, and a storm th
Page 61 and 62: doctrines, technique, and instructi
Page 63 and 64: 135° 135 ° 145 145° ° The T he
Page 65 and 66: 15 August the 7th Infantry Division
Page 67 and 68: stride. Unfortunately, there were n
Page 69 and 70: was being planned and so could revi
Page 71 and 72: Krueger arrived and Sixth Army was
Page 73 and 74: and the relief was not justifed by
Page 75 and 76:
screens that permitted them to foat
Page 77 and 78:
operations against Japan. Councils
Page 79 and 80:
no way that the 2d ESB’s many lan
Page 81 and 82:
troops. With the 1st ESB providing
Page 83 and 84:
A small amphibious capability was a
Page 85 and 86:
Three major bodies of amphibious ex
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in the seizure or defense of advanc
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the counteroffensive, with amphibio
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Since 1946 advocates for Army amphi
Page 93 and 94:
for naval operations, it could also
Page 95 and 96:
By the time these manuals were publ
Page 97 and 98:
the FEC AOR, but not under MacArthu
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Beach), and on 1 April 1950 had act
Page 101 and 102:
study of the history of joint opera
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the ATS until the creation on 31 Ju
Page 105 and 106:
47. Ross, American War Plans, 1890-
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70. Atwater, “Development of Join
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All-Out, Two-Front War (New York, N
Page 111 and 112:
Fleet, Lieutenant Colonel Louis B.
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in World War II, Operations in Nort
Page 115 and 116:
Infantry Division that began with t
Page 117 and 118:
Charles R. Anderson, The U.S. Army
Page 119 and 120:
174. Fahey, Ships and Aircraft of t
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the Southwest Pacifc, Vol. IV, Amph
Page 123 and 124:
Operations of Especial Interest to
Page 125:
Chief of Staff, “Use of SCAJAP Li
Page 128 and 129:
The T he N orth orth Korean Korean
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ounds of rapid fre with its 3-inch
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Command Relationship Changes and Ar
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Amphibious Planning and Operation B
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personnel].” He recommended they
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embarkation ports. So units could m
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available when the division landed,
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next day. Doyle headed back for Yok
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128 i j • Sang jju u JJinju n u
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NN am am R R to to H adong adong T
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Regiment, the divisional engineer b
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destroyers had been diverted to she
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The T he Tongyeong T ong yeong O pe
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I 2 2 The T he T Tongyeong ong yeon
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• • W est Sea S ea (Yellow (Y e
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Another of Small’s APDs, the Hora
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on 9 August. There they were traine
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Notes 1. Joseph S. Bermudez Jr., No
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7-1-50; Naval Blockade: JCS Message
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34. Korean War Chronology, 11; Head
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Institute of the Korean Language st
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237-239. Field says the raid was th
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amended his 3 July request for a Ma
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advised that he intended to commit
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Marine Colonel Edward H. Forney, th
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The Marine general, perhaps refecti
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Because Wolmido had to be secured f
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just north of the narrow causeway t
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Marine aircraft would support the l
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On 5 September the JCS asked MacArt
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Lieutenant Colonel Smith that, if t
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Lieutenant Eugene F. Clark, who had
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frefght, two of the Raiders were ki
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ships remained aground during the n
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BLUE Beach, the supply LVTs that ha
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Since little could be done without
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In fact, the US planners had left t
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operational control of the ROK Navy
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in support of Puller’s 1st Marine
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LSTs and landing craft and then bro
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freeing up the 73d Combat Engineers
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Division had broken through in the
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commander in chief returned to Toky
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1/5 M ar Seogang 24 Sep III 3/5 1/K
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900-foot high mass of Namsan (South
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had assembled a raft within 6 hours
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Notes 1. James F. Schnabel, United
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Shepherd Diary, 21 and 24 August 19
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Regulations: Operations (Washington
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55. 1MarDiv, 1st SPBn SAR, 5; 2ESB
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83. On 24 September the 1st Combat
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114. Almond Diary, 23 September 195
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Chapter 5 Operations in North Korea
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to inform them of the plan, with a
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(headquartered in Busan). The comma
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to the west, across the peninsula,
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operations was established at the p
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Meanwhile, General Walker’s lead
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sites, and settled on the beach at
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the LSTs, LSUs, and LCMs could be t
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C heong ji jin n H yesan jin jin H
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Regiment attached to protect Wonsan
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1 D ec • Suncheon Eighth Arm y y
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Admiral Doyle sent Transport Divisi
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O ro-ri ro -ri J i nam po X XX X
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possible. Normally, LSTs had berthi
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Notes 1. J. Lawton Collins, War in
Page 263 and 264:
25. Field, Naval Operations, Korea,
Page 265 and 266:
M. Almond Papers. MHI Archives Coll
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Chapter 6 The War of Movement, Dece
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During the evacuation, the 8206th A
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along the coastal avenue of approac
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play out along the rugged coastline
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operation, the partisan force was e
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interdict the enemy’s lines of co
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W est Sea S ea (Yellow (Y ellow Sea
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128’ 50’ 30 ’ 440’ 20’ Ha
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some 15 miles north of Wonju. When
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Han River estuary, and made contact
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Hwacheon (Hwach’on) Reservoir Ope
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38 ° • W oncheon-ri Sim po-ri
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A Bukhan Bukhan RR I 11 Ap Apr r XX
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the time, and ordered Hoge to carry
Page 295 and 296:
General Palmer told Colonel Harris
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HW H W A AC C H EO N D AM A M D ong
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craters in the road (the DUKWs of t
Page 301 and 302:
that time, the relief of the brigad
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SSoyang oyang R R Pyeonggang Chines
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W est Sea S ea (Yellow (Y ellow Sea
Page 307 and 308:
Clark L. Ruffner (commanding genera
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PYEONGYANG-WONSAN Line would be an
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• • • • W est Sea (Yellow (
Page 313 and 314:
• Line of C C ontact and East Coa
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Van Fleet’s proposal for an amphi
Page 317 and 318:
Notes 1. History of the Korean War,
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loads carried by the partisans and
Page 321 and 322:
Hwachon Dam, interviews by First Li
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73. Webel interview, and interview
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amphibious operations in the South
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129. Donald W. Boose Jr., “The Ko
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until July 1951. At that time, the
Page 332 and 333:
and physical training to bring the
Page 334 and 335:
Operations in the Offshore Islands
Page 336 and 337:
landing exercise. Once again lack o
Page 338 and 339:
einforcement had faded, CINCFE cont
Page 340 and 341:
The ships carrying the 8th Cavalry
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11. FEC, Command Report, January 19
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oard was specifcally exempted from
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World War II, Transportation Corps
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By this time in the late 1950s, the
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“coequal and interdependent.” F
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Army Forces in Amphibious Operation
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Cambodian coast. The notional 22d I
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Army Transportation Corps detachmen
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modifed LSTs, a barge, and a harbor
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going ashore in helicopters and LVT
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of the Army’s amphibious and over
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the Marine Corps will continue to b
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Notes 1. Departments of the Army, t
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23. Crowl, Memorandum, “Critique
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Headquarters, US Marine Corps, 1984
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Shawn M. Callahan, The Impact of Fa
Page 374 and 375:
CONUS Continental United States CP
Page 376 and 377:
MTT NAVFE NCO NEO NODEX NSC NWP OCO
Page 379 and 380:
US Military US Army Bibliography De
Page 381 and 382:
———. Report of the General Bo
Page 383 and 384:
———. History of the 7th Infan
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———. Amphibious Exercises, No
Page 387 and 388:
———. Guerrilla Operations Out
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———. FM 5-156, Engineer Shore
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Army Training Tests Army Training T
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5-525S, Shore Battalion, Engineer B
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5-649S, Engineer Dredge Crew, Diese
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20-512R, Headquarters, Headquarters
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Association of the United States Ar
Page 401 and 402:
———. Clay and Joan Blair Coll
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Chapin, John C. Breaching the Maria
Page 405 and 406:
Creswell, John. Generals and Admira
Page 407 and 408:
Dyer, George C. The Amphibians Came
Page 409 and 410:
Garland, Albert N. Amphibious Doctr
Page 411 and 412:
Hearn, Chester G. Ellet’s Brigade
Page 413 and 414:
Houghton, Russell T. The Amphibian
Page 415 and 416:
Kretchik, Walter E., Robert F. Baum
Page 417 and 418:
Malcom, Ben S., with Ron Martz. Whi
Page 419 and 420:
Millett, Allan R. “Assault from t
Page 421 and 422:
Noel, Captain John V. Oral History.
Page 423 and 424:
Rehkopf, Ned B. “The Landing at G
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Saipan Controversy,” with additio
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Sweetman, Jack. The Landing at Vera
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———. Joint Chiefs of Staff Sp
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Appendix A Korean Geographical Name
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Sukcheon (Sukch’on) Suncheon (Sun
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Attack Transport (APA) The Bayfeld
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Transport (AP) Various types of shi
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Landing Ship, Dock (LSD) The Gunsto
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Landing Ship, Medium (LSM) The LSM-
Page 444 and 445:
Landing Ship, Utility (LSU)/Landing
Page 446 and 447:
Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel (
Page 448 and 449:
Amphibious 2½-ton Truck (DUKW) A r
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Appendix C Amphibious Terms, Abbrev
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Boat assignment table—A table sho
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Combat loading—The loading of ass
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Dunnage—Any material, such as boa
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Landing area—Includes the beach,
Page 461 and 462:
Naval gunfre liaison offcer (NGLO)
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not practicable to provide support
Page 465 and 466:
Support group—A task group of nav
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school. His assignment as unit load
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COMLANFOR/CLF COMNAVFOR COMTRANSDIV
Page 471 and 472:
MTT Mobile Training Team. An elemen
Page 473 and 474:
Index 1st Independent Mobile Unit.
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amphibious vehicles ¼-ton, general
Page 477 and 478:
Omaha Beach, Normandy, France, June
Page 479 and 480:
Chang Chae Hwa (ROK Partisan Leader
Page 481 and 482:
Doyle, Rear Admiral James H. (US Na
Page 483 and 484:
Far East Command (FEC), 7, 79, 82,
Page 485 and 486:
Gloucester, Virginia, Proposed land
Page 487 and 488:
Incheon-Seoul Highway, Korea, 187,
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landing craft, vehicle, personnel (
Page 491 and 492:
Medium Boat Company, 341-342, 344,
Page 493 and 494:
Norwegian fjords, 30 Nova Scotia, C
Page 495 and 496:
Owen Stanley Mountains, Papua New G
Page 497 and 498:
ROK Army units Battalions 2d Yeongd
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LST-Q067, 180 LST-Q075, 180, 188 LS
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Stratemeyer, General George (USAF),
Page 503 and 504:
US Army Forces in the British Isles
Page 505 and 506:
96th FAB, 163, 186, 211 99th FAB, 1
Page 507 and 508:
Companies, Transportation 60th Tran
Page 509 and 510:
32d Infantry, 7th Division, 40, 52,
Page 511 and 512:
Seventh Special Landing Force (SLF)
Page 513 and 514:
Augusta (CA-31), 43 Helena (CA-75),
Page 515 and 516:
West Sea (Yellow Sea), 163, 165, 20
Page 517:
About the Author Donald W. Boose Jr
Page 520:
Military History/Korea
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