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34 The T he S South outh and S Southwest outhw est P Pacific acific 145 145° ° 150 ° 155° 155 ° M anus H erm it Island Lorengau L ore n gau Islands • A Adm dm iralty New N ew Kav K a vie ieng n g Islands H Hanover ano ver N inigo Islands August A ugust 1942 0 50 50 100 100 • S Statute tatute M il ile es ess N ew Ireland G reen Islands Bism arck Sea W ewak ew a k R a abau b aul l • N iissan ssan • 55° ° Saint S aint Buka B uka Island G eorge eo rg e C hannel Bougainville B ougainville Island Solom on Islands Ballale B allale Em E m p press ress Augusta A ugusta B ay Island Choiseul C hoiseul S Shortland hortland Island • Fa F aisi isi Kolom K olom bangara Island Treasury Island R ekata B Bay ay V Vella ella Lavella S Santa anta Isabel M unda u n da G izo Island • N New ew G eorgia R Rendova end ova Island W oodlark Vangunu V angunu Island Florida Island Islands C ape E Esperance spe rance T Tuulagi lag i Ta T alasea lasea • C ape a p e G loucester M adang a d ang 5° N ew Britain B ritain • • • Sa S aido idor r N ew G uinea Arawe Ara we • G asm asmata ata • Solom on Sea F in inschhafen schha fen Lae La e • Sa S a lla amaua m aua • N assau B Bay ay M orobe B ay O wen Stanley S tanley G o ona n a M ou ountains ntains • Buna B u n a O ro B ay • M alaita Kiriwina K iriwina Islands • • •Kokoda •K okoda • Port P o rt M oresby ore sb y 10 10° ° G ua uadalcanal dalcanal 10° 10 ° M ilne B Bay ay 145° 145 ° 150 ° 155 ° 160 ° Map 2. The South and Southwest Pacifc.
crisis diverted shipping and ruled out an early cross-channel attack. In July the JCS reluctantly agreed to a landing in North Africa as an alternative. 90 That same month, aerial reconnaissance and intelligence reports revealed that the Japanese were building an airfeld on Guadalcanal. This led to the identifcation of that island as the specifc objective of Task One of the 2 July directive. 91 These two circumstances set the stage for the frst two Allied amphibious operations of the war: the landing in August 1942 of the 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal and the landing in November 1942 of US and British forces in North Africa. While the preparations for these operations were underway, changes were taking place in the amphibious forces. Amphibious Developments in 1942 The Army Amphibious Training Center and Engineer Amphibian Command Training for the two amphibious forces in the Atlantic and Pacifc continued after the war began, although the Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet moved its training area from the North Carolina coast to Chesapeake Bay because of the threat of German submarines. In March 1942 the two forces were renamed Amphibious Corps, Atlantic and Pacifc Fleet. By this time the Army leadership had become dissatisfed with the amphibious training being conducted under the Navy and Marine Corps leadership. Complaints specifed inadequate and poorly trained shore parties, poor coordination between beach and shore parties, and inadequate communication between the Navy and the landing forces resulting in troops being put ashore at the wrong place. There were also complaints of friction between the Services, some of which may have had to do with the personality of General H.M. Smith—a passionate advocate for amphibious warfare and the Marine Corps—who did not soft pedal his criticisms of the Navy and Army. Furthermore, the Army was now focused on the invasion across the English Channel planned for 1943 and believed that this very large shore-to-shore operation would involve a scale of forces and techniques quite different from the Pacifc island landings for which Marine Corps doctrine was designed. Army leaders considered that doctrine useful, but best suited for the seizure of small islands by specialized assault forces that would subsequently be relieved by garrison forces and then carry out repeated landing operations in cooperation with the Navy. The Army saw an amphibious operation as a way to put forces ashore to conduct sustained operations on land. Because Army forces believed they would only conduct one amphibious landing and then 35
Page 1 and 2: Over the Beach US Army Amphibious O
Page 3 and 4: Over the Beach US Army Amphibious O
Page 5: Foreword The Combat Studies Institu
Page 8 and 9: Colonel Clark Summers shared his ex
Page 11 and 12: Contents Page Foreword ............
Page 13 and 14: Page The Invasion of North Korea ..
Page 15: Page 16. Incheon Landing overview .
Page 18 and 19: maintained an amphibious capability
Page 20 and 21: A Note on Defnitions 5 Most amphibi
Page 22 and 23: Maneuver from the Sea, Ship-to-Obje
Page 24 and 25: 6. Unless otherwise indicated, thes
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 2 Amphibious Heritage Ameri
Page 29 and 30: craft that came to be known as the
Page 31 and 32: prows, wooden bulwarks to protect t
Page 33 and 34: smoothly and, reinforced by some 60
Page 35 and 36: Pacifc; while Australian forces sei
Page 37 and 38: Staff organization in February 1942
Page 39 and 40: Lejeune defned the primary mission
Page 41 and 42: Army observers participated in the
Page 43 and 44: 1940 to discuss US-British naval co
Page 45 and 46: San Diego, California. GHQ exercise
Page 47 and 48: posts for amphibious operations: fr
Page 49: cadre of American Army offcers and
Page 53 and 54: The training was to be conducted by
Page 55 and 56: Thereafter, the Amphibious Force, A
Page 57 and 58: In the absence of any Navy support
Page 59 and 60: Japanese submarines, and a storm th
Page 61 and 62: doctrines, technique, and instructi
Page 63 and 64: 135° 135 ° 145 145° ° The T he
Page 65 and 66: 15 August the 7th Infantry Division
Page 67 and 68: stride. Unfortunately, there were n
Page 69 and 70: was being planned and so could revi
Page 71 and 72: Krueger arrived and Sixth Army was
Page 73 and 74: and the relief was not justifed by
Page 75 and 76: screens that permitted them to foat
Page 77 and 78: operations against Japan. Councils
Page 79 and 80: no way that the 2d ESB’s many lan
Page 81 and 82: troops. With the 1st ESB providing
Page 83 and 84: A small amphibious capability was a
Page 85 and 86: Three major bodies of amphibious ex
Page 87 and 88: in the seizure or defense of advanc
Page 89 and 90: the counteroffensive, with amphibio
Page 91 and 92: Since 1946 advocates for Army amphi
Page 93 and 94: for naval operations, it could also
Page 95 and 96: By the time these manuals were publ
Page 97 and 98: the FEC AOR, but not under MacArthu
Page 99 and 100: Beach), and on 1 April 1950 had act
Page 101 and 102:
study of the history of joint opera
Page 103 and 104:
the ATS until the creation on 31 Ju
Page 105 and 106:
47. Ross, American War Plans, 1890-
Page 107 and 108:
70. Atwater, “Development of Join
Page 109 and 110:
All-Out, Two-Front War (New York, N
Page 111 and 112:
Fleet, Lieutenant Colonel Louis B.
Page 113 and 114:
in World War II, Operations in Nort
Page 115 and 116:
Infantry Division that began with t
Page 117 and 118:
Charles R. Anderson, The U.S. Army
Page 119 and 120:
174. Fahey, Ships and Aircraft of t
Page 121 and 122:
the Southwest Pacifc, Vol. IV, Amph
Page 123 and 124:
Operations of Especial Interest to
Page 125:
Chief of Staff, “Use of SCAJAP Li
Page 128 and 129:
The T he N orth orth Korean Korean
Page 130 and 131:
ounds of rapid fre with its 3-inch
Page 132 and 133:
Command Relationship Changes and Ar
Page 134 and 135:
Amphibious Planning and Operation B
Page 136 and 137:
personnel].” He recommended they
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embarkation ports. So units could m
Page 140 and 141:
available when the division landed,
Page 142 and 143:
next day. Doyle headed back for Yok
Page 144 and 145:
128 i j • Sang jju u JJinju n u
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NN am am R R to to H adong adong T
Page 148 and 149:
Regiment, the divisional engineer b
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destroyers had been diverted to she
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The T he Tongyeong T ong yeong O pe
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I 2 2 The T he T Tongyeong ong yeon
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• • W est Sea S ea (Yellow (Y e
Page 158 and 159:
Another of Small’s APDs, the Hora
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on 9 August. There they were traine
Page 162 and 163:
Notes 1. Joseph S. Bermudez Jr., No
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7-1-50; Naval Blockade: JCS Message
Page 166 and 167:
34. Korean War Chronology, 11; Head
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Institute of the Korean Language st
Page 170 and 171:
237-239. Field says the raid was th
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amended his 3 July request for a Ma
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advised that he intended to commit
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Marine Colonel Edward H. Forney, th
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The Marine general, perhaps refecti
Page 180 and 181:
Because Wolmido had to be secured f
Page 182 and 183:
just north of the narrow causeway t
Page 184 and 185:
Marine aircraft would support the l
Page 186 and 187:
On 5 September the JCS asked MacArt
Page 188 and 189:
Lieutenant Colonel Smith that, if t
Page 190 and 191:
Lieutenant Eugene F. Clark, who had
Page 192 and 193:
frefght, two of the Raiders were ki
Page 194 and 195:
ships remained aground during the n
Page 196 and 197:
BLUE Beach, the supply LVTs that ha
Page 198 and 199:
Since little could be done without
Page 200 and 201:
In fact, the US planners had left t
Page 202 and 203:
operational control of the ROK Navy
Page 204 and 205:
in support of Puller’s 1st Marine
Page 206 and 207:
LSTs and landing craft and then bro
Page 208 and 209:
freeing up the 73d Combat Engineers
Page 210 and 211:
Division had broken through in the
Page 212 and 213:
commander in chief returned to Toky
Page 214 and 215:
1/5 M ar Seogang 24 Sep III 3/5 1/K
Page 216 and 217:
900-foot high mass of Namsan (South
Page 218 and 219:
had assembled a raft within 6 hours
Page 220 and 221:
Notes 1. James F. Schnabel, United
Page 222 and 223:
Shepherd Diary, 21 and 24 August 19
Page 224 and 225:
Regulations: Operations (Washington
Page 226 and 227:
55. 1MarDiv, 1st SPBn SAR, 5; 2ESB
Page 228 and 229:
83. On 24 September the 1st Combat
Page 230 and 231:
114. Almond Diary, 23 September 195
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Chapter 5 Operations in North Korea
Page 235 and 236:
to inform them of the plan, with a
Page 237 and 238:
(headquartered in Busan). The comma
Page 239 and 240:
to the west, across the peninsula,
Page 241 and 242:
operations was established at the p
Page 243 and 244:
Meanwhile, General Walker’s lead
Page 245 and 246:
sites, and settled on the beach at
Page 247 and 248:
the LSTs, LSUs, and LCMs could be t
Page 249 and 250:
C heong ji jin n H yesan jin jin H
Page 251 and 252:
Regiment attached to protect Wonsan
Page 253 and 254:
1 D ec • Suncheon Eighth Arm y y
Page 255 and 256:
Admiral Doyle sent Transport Divisi
Page 257 and 258:
O ro-ri ro -ri J i nam po X XX X
Page 259 and 260:
possible. Normally, LSTs had berthi
Page 261 and 262:
Notes 1. J. Lawton Collins, War in
Page 263 and 264:
25. Field, Naval Operations, Korea,
Page 265 and 266:
M. Almond Papers. MHI Archives Coll
Page 267 and 268:
Chapter 6 The War of Movement, Dece
Page 269 and 270:
During the evacuation, the 8206th A
Page 271 and 272:
along the coastal avenue of approac
Page 273 and 274:
play out along the rugged coastline
Page 275 and 276:
operation, the partisan force was e
Page 277 and 278:
interdict the enemy’s lines of co
Page 279 and 280:
W est Sea S ea (Yellow (Y ellow Sea
Page 281 and 282:
128’ 50’ 30 ’ 440’ 20’ Ha
Page 283 and 284:
some 15 miles north of Wonju. When
Page 285 and 286:
Han River estuary, and made contact
Page 287 and 288:
Hwacheon (Hwach’on) Reservoir Ope
Page 289 and 290:
38 ° • W oncheon-ri Sim po-ri
Page 291 and 292:
A Bukhan Bukhan RR I 11 Ap Apr r XX
Page 293 and 294:
the time, and ordered Hoge to carry
Page 295 and 296:
General Palmer told Colonel Harris
Page 297 and 298:
HW H W A AC C H EO N D AM A M D ong
Page 299 and 300:
craters in the road (the DUKWs of t
Page 301 and 302:
that time, the relief of the brigad
Page 303 and 304:
SSoyang oyang R R Pyeonggang Chines
Page 305 and 306:
W est Sea S ea (Yellow (Y ellow Sea
Page 307 and 308:
Clark L. Ruffner (commanding genera
Page 309 and 310:
PYEONGYANG-WONSAN Line would be an
Page 311 and 312:
• • • • W est Sea (Yellow (
Page 313 and 314:
• Line of C C ontact and East Coa
Page 315 and 316:
Van Fleet’s proposal for an amphi
Page 317 and 318:
Notes 1. History of the Korean War,
Page 319 and 320:
loads carried by the partisans and
Page 321 and 322:
Hwachon Dam, interviews by First Li
Page 323 and 324:
73. Webel interview, and interview
Page 325 and 326:
amphibious operations in the South
Page 327:
129. Donald W. Boose Jr., “The Ko
Page 330 and 331:
until July 1951. At that time, the
Page 332 and 333:
and physical training to bring the
Page 334 and 335:
Operations in the Offshore Islands
Page 336 and 337:
landing exercise. Once again lack o
Page 338 and 339:
einforcement had faded, CINCFE cont
Page 340 and 341:
The ships carrying the 8th Cavalry
Page 342 and 343:
11. FEC, Command Report, January 19
Page 344 and 345:
oard was specifcally exempted from
Page 346 and 347:
World War II, Transportation Corps
Page 348 and 349:
By this time in the late 1950s, the
Page 350 and 351:
“coequal and interdependent.” F
Page 352 and 353:
Army Forces in Amphibious Operation
Page 354 and 355:
Cambodian coast. The notional 22d I
Page 356 and 357:
Army Transportation Corps detachmen
Page 358 and 359:
modifed LSTs, a barge, and a harbor
Page 360 and 361:
going ashore in helicopters and LVT
Page 362 and 363:
of the Army’s amphibious and over
Page 364 and 365:
the Marine Corps will continue to b
Page 366 and 367:
Notes 1. Departments of the Army, t
Page 368 and 369:
23. Crowl, Memorandum, “Critique
Page 370 and 371:
Headquarters, US Marine Corps, 1984
Page 372 and 373:
Shawn M. Callahan, The Impact of Fa
Page 374 and 375:
CONUS Continental United States CP
Page 376 and 377:
MTT NAVFE NCO NEO NODEX NSC NWP OCO
Page 379 and 380:
US Military US Army Bibliography De
Page 381 and 382:
———. Report of the General Bo
Page 383 and 384:
———. History of the 7th Infan
Page 385 and 386:
———. Amphibious Exercises, No
Page 387 and 388:
———. Guerrilla Operations Out
Page 389 and 390:
———. FM 5-156, Engineer Shore
Page 391 and 392:
Army Training Tests Army Training T
Page 393 and 394:
5-525S, Shore Battalion, Engineer B
Page 395 and 396:
5-649S, Engineer Dredge Crew, Diese
Page 397 and 398:
20-512R, Headquarters, Headquarters
Page 399 and 400:
Association of the United States Ar
Page 401 and 402:
———. Clay and Joan Blair Coll
Page 403 and 404:
Chapin, John C. Breaching the Maria
Page 405 and 406:
Creswell, John. Generals and Admira
Page 407 and 408:
Dyer, George C. The Amphibians Came
Page 409 and 410:
Garland, Albert N. Amphibious Doctr
Page 411 and 412:
Hearn, Chester G. Ellet’s Brigade
Page 413 and 414:
Houghton, Russell T. The Amphibian
Page 415 and 416:
Kretchik, Walter E., Robert F. Baum
Page 417 and 418:
Malcom, Ben S., with Ron Martz. Whi
Page 419 and 420:
Millett, Allan R. “Assault from t
Page 421 and 422:
Noel, Captain John V. Oral History.
Page 423 and 424:
Rehkopf, Ned B. “The Landing at G
Page 425 and 426:
Saipan Controversy,” with additio
Page 427 and 428:
Sweetman, Jack. The Landing at Vera
Page 429 and 430:
———. Joint Chiefs of Staff Sp
Page 431 and 432:
Appendix A Korean Geographical Name
Page 433:
Sukcheon (Sukch’on) Suncheon (Sun
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Attack Transport (APA) The Bayfeld
Page 438 and 439:
Transport (AP) Various types of shi
Page 440 and 441:
Landing Ship, Dock (LSD) The Gunsto
Page 442 and 443:
Landing Ship, Medium (LSM) The LSM-
Page 444 and 445:
Landing Ship, Utility (LSU)/Landing
Page 446 and 447:
Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel (
Page 448 and 449:
Amphibious 2½-ton Truck (DUKW) A r
Page 451 and 452:
Appendix C Amphibious Terms, Abbrev
Page 453 and 454:
Boat assignment table—A table sho
Page 455 and 456:
Combat loading—The loading of ass
Page 457 and 458:
Dunnage—Any material, such as boa
Page 459 and 460:
Landing area—Includes the beach,
Page 461 and 462:
Naval gunfre liaison offcer (NGLO)
Page 463 and 464:
not practicable to provide support
Page 465 and 466:
Support group—A task group of nav
Page 467 and 468:
school. His assignment as unit load
Page 469 and 470:
COMLANFOR/CLF COMNAVFOR COMTRANSDIV
Page 471 and 472:
MTT Mobile Training Team. An elemen
Page 473 and 474:
Index 1st Independent Mobile Unit.
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amphibious vehicles ¼-ton, general
Page 477 and 478:
Omaha Beach, Normandy, France, June
Page 479 and 480:
Chang Chae Hwa (ROK Partisan Leader
Page 481 and 482:
Doyle, Rear Admiral James H. (US Na
Page 483 and 484:
Far East Command (FEC), 7, 79, 82,
Page 485 and 486:
Gloucester, Virginia, Proposed land
Page 487 and 488:
Incheon-Seoul Highway, Korea, 187,
Page 489 and 490:
landing craft, vehicle, personnel (
Page 491 and 492:
Medium Boat Company, 341-342, 344,
Page 493 and 494:
Norwegian fjords, 30 Nova Scotia, C
Page 495 and 496:
Owen Stanley Mountains, Papua New G
Page 497 and 498:
ROK Army units Battalions 2d Yeongd
Page 499 and 500:
LST-Q067, 180 LST-Q075, 180, 188 LS
Page 501 and 502:
Stratemeyer, General George (USAF),
Page 503 and 504:
US Army Forces in the British Isles
Page 505 and 506:
96th FAB, 163, 186, 211 99th FAB, 1
Page 507 and 508:
Companies, Transportation 60th Tran
Page 509 and 510:
32d Infantry, 7th Division, 40, 52,
Page 511 and 512:
Seventh Special Landing Force (SLF)
Page 513 and 514:
Augusta (CA-31), 43 Helena (CA-75),
Page 515 and 516:
West Sea (Yellow Sea), 163, 165, 20
Page 517:
About the Author Donald W. Boose Jr
Page 520:
Military History/Korea
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