Over the beach - University of Oregon

Army Activities
Although not becoming as deeply involved as an institution in the
study of landing operations as the Marine Corps, the Army did not ignore
these operations. Army members of the Joint Board were actively involved
in the examination of and promulgation of joint doctrine on expeditionary
warfare. The War Plans Division of the War Department General Staff
studied landing operations as part of its war planning duties and some
Army offcers attended the Naval War College, where they studied
expeditionary and landing operations. Students at the Army War College
studied the preparation of joint Army and Navy war plans, many of which
included landing operations. Naval offcers gave lectures at the Army
War College on expeditionary operations and joint landings. 57 Faculty
and students at the Infantry School and the Army War College studied
the Japanese landings of the Russo–Japanese War and the World War I
amphibious operations. 58
In 1923 the Army General Service Schools (later the Command
and General Staff School) collaborated with the Naval War College in
producing an exercise based on a joint expeditionary force landing in
the Lingayen Gulf to recover the Philippines, and in 1926 and 1927 the
two institutions conducted joint Army and Navy exercises involving
expeditionary operations. 59 In 1928 the General Service Schools studied
the requirements for ship-to-shore movement of divisional and corps
artillery in an opposed landing on a hostile shore. 60 The following
year the Army War College studied the problems involved in training,
planning, deployment, execution, and sustainment of a joint Army–Navy
expeditionary force using Gallipoli as a historical case study and a landing
to recapture Luzon in the Philippines as a theoretical study. The study
included examination of the nature of beaches, naval gunfre support,
deception operations, beach master and shore party operations, and the
types of ships and craft available. 61
Throughout the 1930s, students and faculty at the Command and
General Staff School and the Army War College continued to examine
landing operations in the context of planning for future coalition warfare.
Student committees in the Conduct of War and Analytical Studies courses
repeatedly examined the Fort Fisher landing operations in the American
Civil War; the Japanese Port Arthur Campaign in the Russo–Japanese War;
and the World War I Tsingtao, Gallipoli, and Baltic Islands campaigns. 62
By 1940 they were also studying Japanese landing operations in the Sino–
Japanese War that had begun in 1937. 63
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