International Experience and Best Practices - Clean Air Initiative

of Interviews at the end of this report). Detailed case studies of two cities were prepared:
Mexico City and Delhi. 10 Countries examined in less depth include Chile, Argentina, Cost
Rica, Philippines, Thailand, and other Asian Countries. Industrialized country experience
was reviewed for the U.S., the European Union, Canada, and Australia.
1.2. Structure of the Report
In designing and implementing an I/M program, policy-makers must grapple with an
array of questions:
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• What institutional design can best accomplish the goals of I/M?
• What emission standards should apply, and what testing procedures should be
used?
• How can government ensure a high level of compliance with I/M standards?
• How can government ensure that the following key resources are in sufficient
supply?
– Financial resources—for typically a multi-million dollar undertaking
– Institutional capacity—especially in the vehicle service sector
– Political support—critical for the I/M program to survive
Chapters 2 through 5 are organized around these key questions. These chapters
reflect a fairly broad consensus on the best practices that lead to a successful I/M
program. This consensus is embodied in recent studies by prominent experts, 11 in the
recommendations that emerged from several donor-sponsored forums held in the past
several years, 12 and in the research conducted for this report.
Chapter Two addresses basic institutional design questions such as: who does the
testing and where? What tasks are best done by the public sector and what tasks
are best done by the private sector? How is oversight best accomplished, holding
public and private actors responsible for carrying out their tasks? What coordination
10 These two cities were chosen on the basis of several factors: availability of existing literature; first hand
experience by authors; varying degrees of program effectiveness; and geographic diversity.
11 Especially valuable are: Faiz, A., C. Weaver, and M. Walsh, Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles.
Washington DC: The World Bank, 1996; Kolke, Reinhard, Module 4b Inspection & Maintenance and
Roadworthiness, prepared for GTZ Sustainable Urban Transport Project, 2002; Rogers, John, “Lessons
on Audit Quality Assurance Mechanisms,” presented at Workshop on Strengthening Vehicle Inspection
& Maintenance, sponsored by Asian Development Bank, Chongqing, China, November 7-9, 2001;
Rogers, John, Assessment of the Pollution Under Control Program in India and Recommendations
for Improvement, prepared for the South Asia Urban Air Quality Management Program, World Bank,
October 2002; Asian Development Bank, op. cit.; Weaver, C. and L. Chan, op. cit.
12 Prominent among the recent donor-sponsored fora are:
• Asian Development Bank, Strengthening Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance, November 7-9, 2001,
Chongqing, China .
• Global Initiative on Transport Emissions, Regional Workshop on Transport Sector Inspection and
Maintenance Policy in Asia, December 10-12, 2001, Bangkok, Thailand .
• World Bank, Reducing Emissions from In-Use Diesel Vehicles in Developing Country Cities:
Challenges, Opportunities and Costs, January 17, 2003, Washington DC, USA .
• Clean Air Initiative-Asia, Better Air Quality 2003, December 17-19, 2003, Manila, Philippines .