International Experience and Best Practices - Clean Air Initiative

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FOREWORD This report was prepared by PA Government Services under the Energy IQC, a contract for the Office of Energy and Information Technology, US Agency for International Development (Work Order No. 179, Contract No. LAG-1-00-98-0005-00). The authors gratefully acknowledge the support and guidance of Simone Lawaetz and Jas Singh of USAID. The project supervisor was John Armstrong. Karl Hausker served as project manager and principal author. Lennart Erlandsson provided research and drafting for Chapter 4 and sections in some other chapters. June Taylor of Guild Communications provided valuable assistance in writing and editing. A draft of the report was reviewed by Jon Bickel, Frank Dursbeck, David Gourley, Fred Herren, Cornie Huizenga, Simone Lawaetz, Rajat Nandi, Jas Singh, Christopher Stock, Eugene Tierney, and Jeffrey Vogt. The contributions of various other individuals notwithstanding, the author remains wholly responsible for any errors, omissions, and misrepresentations. iii
Page 1: Bureau for Economic Growth, Agricul
Page 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . . . .
Page 10 and 11: The basic design recommended here c
Page 12 and 13: 4 • How can government ensure a h
Page 14 and 15: ES-3. Best Practices Additional “
Page 16 and 17: how this varies with age or vehicle
Page 19 and 20: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background and
Page 21 and 22: This is a widely held but dramatic
Page 23 and 24: and management issues are likely to
Page 25 and 26: Some of the existing literature on
Page 27: difficult to rank. This list includ
Page 30 and 31: number of licensed tests-and-repair
Page 32 and 33: 2.2. Public Versus Private Operatio
Page 34 and 35: little treatment in the I/M literat
Page 36 and 37: it as a long enough amortization pe
Page 38 and 39: 2.3.6. Risk Management What if driv
Page 40 and 41: Many of the experts and I/M firms i
Page 42 and 43: 2.5. Government Coordination and Ma
Page 44 and 45: system onto an existing, corrupt sa
Page 46 and 47: 2.6. Phase-In and Adaptation A fina
Page 49 and 50: 3. TEST PROCEDURES AND EMISSION STA
Page 51 and 52: estimate of about 1 million vehicle
Page 53 and 54: Best practices in making trade-offs
Page 55 and 56:
Dynamometer testing should allow de
Page 57 and 58:
BOX 3-2. MARYLAND’S DIVERSITY IN
Page 59 and 60:
engine to near its maximum torque.
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The European Union has created four
Page 63 and 64:
BOX 3-5. USING CUT-POINT ANALYSIS I
Page 65 and 66:
4. COMPLIANCE PROMOTION AND ENFORCE
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will be more inclined to comply wit
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The notion of a “test-only” I/M
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The most effective citizen reportin
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This may seem impractical because o
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BOX 4-2. SWISSCONTACT’S CLEAN AIR
Page 77 and 78:
5. MANAGING RESOURCES Conducting a
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As an added consideration, if the I
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Start” program. Indian automotive
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manufacturers, repair shops, consum
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generate revenue, even if it is oth
Page 88 and 89:
Policymakers should integrate an I/
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Where donors have leverage with pol
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84 • Several studies of CO reduct
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APPENDIX B. CASE STUDY OF MEXICO CI
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• The use of dynamometers was pha
Page 99 and 100:
APPENDIX C. CASE STUDY OF DELHI Del
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adjust the air-fuel mixture on-the-
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• 65 opacity for all diesel vehic
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Continued from page 96 • Vehicles
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0.5 percent for cars). With some mi
Page 109 and 110:
LIST OF BOXES AND FIGURES (By Secti
Page 111 and 112:
REFERENCES Agbar Group, Annual Repo
Page 113 and 114:
Rogers, John, “Lessons on Audit Q
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International Experience and Best Practices - Clean Air Initiative

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