Final Report by - Department of Mechanical and Aerospace ...

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u * (m/s) 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Pipe Line Soil (Soil #1) Friction Velocities Pipe Line Soil (all data) North Sand Sheet with Pipe Line Soil 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 uref (m/s) Figure 42. The friction velocity is shown versus the free stream reference velocity in the wind tunnel which is taken at a height of 0.22 m for the Old Pipe Line Soil (Soil #1). In addition, the data is fit with linear fits to correlate free stream in the tunnel with a friction velocity for each soil. 81 Threshold
u * (m/s) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 North Sand (Soil #2) Friction Velocities North Sand (all data) North Sand Sheet with North Sand 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 uref (m/s) Figure 43. The friction velocity is shown versus the free stream reference velocity in the wind tunnel which is taken at a height of 0.22 m for the North Sand (Soil #2). In addition, the data is fit with linear fits to correlate free stream in the tunnel with a friction velocity for each soil. 82 Threshold
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Final Report Simulation and Analysi
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Executive Summary of Report • Fou
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magnitude. Loose soil surfaces with
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Table of Contents v Page 2.8.5. Fet
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List of Tables Table Page 1. GPS lo
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List of Figures Figure Page 12. TSI
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List of Figures Figure Page 35. The
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List of Figures Figure Page 81. Con
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1. Introduction 1.1. Background The
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a) b) d) Figure 1. Owens Lake histo
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1.2. Project Objectives and Applica
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Section 2. Experimental Techniques
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valley surface winds; and in the su
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a) b) Radiative Arctic/Pacific Air
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Figure 6. The process of formation
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soil in these locations appeared qu
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Lone Pine “North Sheet Simulation
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2.3. Soil Properties Properties of
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2.4. Wind Tunnel Quantification of
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2.5. Measurement Instrumentation Th
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concentration limit. For the DustTr
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height of oil in a U-tube. The pres
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Page 51 and 52: ∆P, (Pa) 800 600 400 200 0 Pressu
Page 53 and 54: 2.6. Measurements 2.6.1. Threshold
Page 55 and 56: four different soils and variations
Page 57 and 58: was repeated for up to five velocit
Page 59 and 60: coarse Owens Lake sand (Soil #2 and
Page 61 and 62: The procedure of crust formation is
Page 63 and 64: a minimum temperature difference be
Page 65 and 66: Figure 16. Schematic of the believe
Page 67 and 68: Figure 18. Bagnold (1941) experimen
Page 69 and 70: a) b) Figure 20. The above figure i
Page 71 and 72: me Control Volume l, length Figure
Page 73 and 74: 0.30 m Soil being Tested 5.0 m Wind
Page 75 and 76: a) b) Figure 26. Photographs of the
Page 77 and 78: Figure 28. Photograph showing the i
Page 79 and 80: 0.30 m Hard Soil Crust Wind Directi
Page 81 and 82: Section 3. Results Summary • Soil
Page 83 and 84: extract. The arsenic soil concentra
Page 85 and 86: that crust development is most like
Page 87 and 88: 3.2. Threshold Studies The threshol
Page 89 and 90: Voltage (V) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 Nort
Page 91 and 92: Voltage (V) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 UCD Fe
Page 93 and 94: tube. The corresponding plots of th
Page 95 and 96: z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 97 and 98: z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 99: z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 103 and 104: u * (m/s) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 U
Page 105 and 106: 3.4. PM10 Loose Soil Emission Rates
Page 107 and 108: source of emissions and dust storms
Page 109 and 110: z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 111 and 112: z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 113 and 114: z (m) UCD Fence Soil (Soil #4), ure
Page 115 and 116: Table 5. Emission Rates for enhance
Page 117 and 118: z (m) South Saltation Simulation, u
Page 119 and 120: PM 10 Emission Rate (µg/m 2 s) Sou
Page 121 and 122: z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 North Sand (
Page 123 and 124: North Sand Sheet (Soil #2 over Soil
Page 125 and 126: Q, Sand Flux (kg/m*s) 0.35 0.30 0.2
Page 127 and 128: Q, Sand Flux (kg/m*s) 0.08 0.06 0.0
Page 129 and 130: 3.7. Fetch Studies In studying the
Page 131 and 132: similar amounts of PM 10; however,
Page 133 and 134: z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 UCD Fence So
Page 135 and 136: Emission Rate (mg/m*s) 15 10 Dirty
Page 137 and 138: Emission Rate (mg/m*s) 8 6 4 2 0 No
Page 139 and 140: Emission Rate (mg/m*s) North Sand S
Page 141 and 142: 3.8. Moisture Content Studies The m
Page 143 and 144: z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 145 and 146: Emission Rate (g/m 2 s) PM 10 Emiss
Page 147 and 148: %(PM 2.5 /PM 10 ) 40 30 20 10 Pipe
Page 149 and 150: 3.10. Crust Studies Experimentally,
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sand abrasion, broken apart by expa
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z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
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Emission Rate (mg/m 2 s) 4 3 2 1 0
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Figure 84. The hard crust was broke
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PM 10 Concentration (mg/m 3 ) 0.8 0
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• The major results are re-summar
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enhancing the emissions. Moisture c
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developed allow comparisons of the
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Gillette, D.A., and Passi, R., 1988
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White, B.R., 1979. Soil Transport b
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Appendix A: Loose Soil Emissions Co
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z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 Old Pipe Line
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z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 Old Pipe Line
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z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 North Sand (So
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z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 North Sand (So
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z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 North Sand (So
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Dirty Socks Dune Sand (Soil #3), ur
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Dirty Socks Dune Sand (Soil #3), ur
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z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 UCD Fence Soil
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z (m) UCD Fence Soil (Soil #4), ure
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Appendix B: Enhanced Saltation Emis
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z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 North Saltatio
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z (m) North Saltation Simulation, u
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z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
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South Sand Saltation Simulation, ur
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z (m) South Saltation Simulation, u
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z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
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Appendix C: Fetch Study Concentrati
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z (m) Dirty Socks Sand Fetch Study,
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Dirty Socks Sand Fetch Study, uref
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z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
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z (m) UCD Fence Soil Fetch Study, u
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z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
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z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
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z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 Old Pipe Line
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z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 Old Pipe Line
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Appendix E: PM2.5 Study Concentrati
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z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 Old Pipe Line
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z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 Old Pipe Line
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Appendix F: Wallace Laboratories Ch
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234
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236
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Appendix H: Individual Soil Gradati
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%Passing 100 80 60 40 20 0 North Sa
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%Passing 100 80 60 40 20 0 UCD Fenc
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