Final Report by - Department of Mechanical and Aerospace ...

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Table of Contents List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii iv Page List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Section 1. Introduction Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2. Project Objectives and Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Section 2. Experimental Techniques and Methods Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2. Experimental Techniques and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2. Soil Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3. Soil Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4. Wind Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.5. Measurement Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.6. Aerosol Sampling: DustTraks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.7. Velocity Measurements: Pressure Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.7.1. Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.8. Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.8.1. Threshold Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.8.2. Roughness Height z 0 and Friction Velocity u * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.8.3. Loose Soil Emissions Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.8.4. Sand Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Table of Contents v Page 2.8.5. Fetch Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.8.6. Saltation Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.8.7. Moisture Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.8.8. Crust Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.8.9. Stability Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Section 3. Results Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.1. Soil Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.1.1. Particle Size Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.1.2. Chemical Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.2. Threshold Studies . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.3. Friction Velocity u * and Surface Roughness z 0 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.4. PM 10 Loose Soil Emission Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.5. Emissions with Upwind Saltation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.6. Sand Fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3.7. Fetch Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3.8. Moisture Content Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3.9. PM2.5 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 3.10 . Crust Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.11. Stability Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Section 4. Conclusions Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Page 1 and 2: Final Report Simulation and Analysi
Page 3 and 4: Executive Summary of Report • Fou
Page 5: magnitude. Loose soil surfaces with
Page 9 and 10: List of Tables Table Page 1. GPS lo
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures Figure Page 12. TSI
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure Page 35. The
Page 19 and 20: List of Figures Figure Page 81. Con
Page 21 and 22: 1. Introduction 1.1. Background The
Page 23 and 24: a) b) d) Figure 1. Owens Lake histo
Page 25 and 26: 1.2. Project Objectives and Applica
Page 27 and 28: Section 2. Experimental Techniques
Page 29 and 30: valley surface winds; and in the su
Page 31 and 32: a) b) Radiative Arctic/Pacific Air
Page 33 and 34: Figure 6. The process of formation
Page 35 and 36: soil in these locations appeared qu
Page 37 and 38: Lone Pine “North Sheet Simulation
Page 39 and 40: 2.3. Soil Properties Properties of
Page 41 and 42: 2.4. Wind Tunnel Quantification of
Page 43 and 44: 2.5. Measurement Instrumentation Th
Page 45 and 46: concentration limit. For the DustTr
Page 47 and 48: height of oil in a U-tube. The pres
Page 49 and 50: a) b) Figure 12. TSI DustTrak used
Page 51 and 52: ∆P, (Pa) 800 600 400 200 0 Pressu
Page 53 and 54: 2.6. Measurements 2.6.1. Threshold
Page 55 and 56: four different soils and variations
Page 57 and 58:
was repeated for up to five velocit
Page 59 and 60:
coarse Owens Lake sand (Soil #2 and
Page 61 and 62:
The procedure of crust formation is
Page 63 and 64:
a minimum temperature difference be
Page 65 and 66:
Figure 16. Schematic of the believe
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 18. Bagnold (1941) experimen
Page 69 and 70:
a) b) Figure 20. The above figure i
Page 71 and 72:
me Control Volume l, length Figure
Page 73 and 74:
0.30 m Soil being Tested 5.0 m Wind
Page 75 and 76:
a) b) Figure 26. Photographs of the
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 28. Photograph showing the i
Page 79 and 80:
0.30 m Hard Soil Crust Wind Directi
Page 81 and 82:
Section 3. Results Summary • Soil
Page 83 and 84:
extract. The arsenic soil concentra
Page 85 and 86:
that crust development is most like
Page 87 and 88:
3.2. Threshold Studies The threshol
Page 89 and 90:
Voltage (V) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 Nort
Page 91 and 92:
Voltage (V) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 UCD Fe
Page 93 and 94:
tube. The corresponding plots of th
Page 95 and 96:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 97 and 98:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 99 and 100:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 101 and 102:
u * (m/s) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 N
Page 103 and 104:
u * (m/s) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 U
Page 105 and 106:
3.4. PM10 Loose Soil Emission Rates
Page 107 and 108:
source of emissions and dust storms
Page 109 and 110:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 111 and 112:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 113 and 114:
z (m) UCD Fence Soil (Soil #4), ure
Page 115 and 116:
Table 5. Emission Rates for enhance
Page 117 and 118:
z (m) South Saltation Simulation, u
Page 119 and 120:
PM 10 Emission Rate (µg/m 2 s) Sou
Page 121 and 122:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 North Sand (
Page 123 and 124:
North Sand Sheet (Soil #2 over Soil
Page 125 and 126:
Q, Sand Flux (kg/m*s) 0.35 0.30 0.2
Page 127 and 128:
Q, Sand Flux (kg/m*s) 0.08 0.06 0.0
Page 129 and 130:
3.7. Fetch Studies In studying the
Page 131 and 132:
similar amounts of PM 10; however,
Page 133 and 134:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 UCD Fence So
Page 135 and 136:
Emission Rate (mg/m*s) 15 10 Dirty
Page 137 and 138:
Emission Rate (mg/m*s) 8 6 4 2 0 No
Page 139 and 140:
Emission Rate (mg/m*s) North Sand S
Page 141 and 142:
3.8. Moisture Content Studies The m
Page 143 and 144:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 145 and 146:
Emission Rate (g/m 2 s) PM 10 Emiss
Page 147 and 148:
%(PM 2.5 /PM 10 ) 40 30 20 10 Pipe
Page 149 and 150:
3.10. Crust Studies Experimentally,
Page 151 and 152:
sand abrasion, broken apart by expa
Page 153 and 154:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 155 and 156:
Emission Rate (mg/m 2 s) 4 3 2 1 0
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 84. The hard crust was broke
Page 159 and 160:
PM 10 Concentration (mg/m 3 ) 0.8 0
Page 161 and 162:
• The major results are re-summar
Page 163 and 164:
enhancing the emissions. Moisture c
Page 165 and 166:
developed allow comparisons of the
Page 167 and 168:
Gillette, D.A., and Passi, R., 1988
Page 169 and 170:
White, B.R., 1979. Soil Transport b
Page 171 and 172:
Appendix A: Loose Soil Emissions Co
Page 173 and 174:
z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 Old Pipe Line
Page 175 and 176:
z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 Old Pipe Line
Page 177 and 178:
z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 North Sand (So
Page 179 and 180:
z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 North Sand (So
Page 181 and 182:
z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 North Sand (So
Page 183 and 184:
Dirty Socks Dune Sand (Soil #3), ur
Page 185 and 186:
Dirty Socks Dune Sand (Soil #3), ur
Page 187 and 188:
z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 UCD Fence Soil
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Appendix B: Enhanced Saltation Emis
Page 197 and 198:
z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 North Saltatio
Page 199 and 200:
z (m) North Saltation Simulation, u
Page 201 and 202:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 203 and 204:
South Sand Saltation Simulation, ur
Page 205 and 206:
z (m) South Saltation Simulation, u
Page 207 and 208:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 209 and 210:
Appendix C: Fetch Study Concentrati
Page 211 and 212:
z (m) Dirty Socks Sand Fetch Study,
Page 213 and 214:
Dirty Socks Sand Fetch Study, uref
Page 215 and 216:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 217 and 218:
z (m) UCD Fence Soil Fetch Study, u
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
z (m) 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Page 229 and 230:
z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 Old Pipe Line
Page 231 and 232:
z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 Old Pipe Line
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Appendix E: PM2.5 Study Concentrati
Page 241 and 242:
z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 Old Pipe Line
Page 243 and 244:
z (m) 1.00 0.10 0.01 Old Pipe Line
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Appendix F: Wallace Laboratories Ch
Page 253 and 254:
234
Page 255 and 256:
236
Page 257 and 258:
Appendix H: Individual Soil Gradati
Page 259 and 260:
%Passing 100 80 60 40 20 0 North Sa
Page 261:
%Passing 100 80 60 40 20 0 UCD Fenc
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