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ciliatus x P. fruticosus hybrids occurred. It is clear that acrocerid flies are important pollinators of P. ciliatus over a large extent of its range. The different acrocerid species that visited P. ciliatus have proboscides in a common range (8 – 12 mm), which matched or were longer than the corolla tubes of P. ciliatus, but corresponded to the length of the stamens and style, which facilitated pollen carry-over on the ventral head surface and base of the proboscis of the fly. The long-proboscid nemestrinid fly, Stenobasipteron wiedemanni, also visited P. ciliatus populations in Stutterheim and at Oribi Gorge. The fly reached nectar without contacting the sexual organs of the plant with its body. While some pollen may be carried over on the proboscis, this is more a case of the fly exploiting the flowers for nectar. The apinid bee species Amegilla caelestina and A. bothai visited P. ciliatus at Umtamvuna NR. No acrocerid flies were observed on P. ciliatus at this a site, but Psilodera aff. confusa did occur at this site and may also pollinate the species. Likewise, species of Amegilla bees occur at the other study sites and may also visit P. ciliatus there. At Magwa both the apinid bees and acrocerid flies were seen visiting flowers of the same population of the tentative hybrid P. ciliatus x P. fruticosus. The bees were Amegilla mimadvena and Zebramegilla sp. These bees may function as effectively as pollinators as acrocerid flies, since they are similar in body shape and size and the proboscis lengths match that of the P. ciliatus corolla tube. In most of the cases where Amegilla bees and Psilodera flies visited the same species, they fulfilled a similar role in terms of body sizes and proboscis lengths. Other visitors to this tentative hybrid included a medium-proboscid nemestrinid fly (Prosoeca sp.) and three lepidopterans: the hummingbird hawkmoth Macroglossus trochilus, the papilionoid butterfly Papilio dardanus and a species of hesperid butterfly. These Lepidoptera were unlikely to be major pollinators, since the proboscides were much longer than the floral parts, which prevented bodily contact. Syrphid flies visited flowers at Oribi Gorge and Pietermaritzburg, and the short-proboscid halictinid bee, Lasioglossum sp., was observed at Pietermaritzburg. These species collected pollen, but are unlikely to reach nectar from the corolla base. Appendix/ 131 P. ciliatus
Plectranthus ciliatus is a relatively common and widespread species of Plectranthus; this, coupled with its shorter corolla tube, allows the species to have many insect visitors, of which the various species of Acroceridae and Apinae are effective pollinators in different localities. Insect vouchers Psilodera confusa (Acroceridae) Potgieter 107 OG, 15-3-97 Potgieter 134 OG, 12-3-98 Psilodera hessei (Acroceridae) Potgieter 108 FC, 7-3-97 Potgieter 109 FC, 7-3-97 Potgieter 131 FC, 2-3-98 Potgieter 132 FC, 2-3-98 Psilodera nhluzane (Acroceridae) Potgieter 110 FC, 7-3-97 Psilodera valida (Acroceridae) Potgieter 31 WV, 11-4-96 Potgieter 130 KF, 5-3-98 Potgieter 156 KK, 3-3-99 Potgieter 221 MF, 19-4-02 D. Martins s.n. UV, 18-3-05 Stenobasipteron wiedemanni (Nemestrinidae) Potgieter 102 OG, 25-3-97 Potgieter 192 KF, 5-3-98 Potgieter 193 KF, 5-3-98 Potgieter 198 KF, 29-2-00 Prosoeca umbrosa (Nemestrinidae) Potgieter 215 Amegilla caelestina (Apidae) MF, 19-4-02 (on P. ciliatus hybrid) Potgieter 56 UNR, 18-3-96 Potgieter 94 Amegilla bothai NV UNR, 2-3-97 Appendix/ 132 P. ciliatus
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Pollination of Plectranthus L’Hé
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STUDENT DECLARATION 1 Pollination o
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DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR We hereby
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial support
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CONTENTS Abstract ……………
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apparent neo-endemics with strong a
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enhance the understanding of floral
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three species of Xylocopa Latreille
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Chapter 2: Pollination of Straight-
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References Abdel-Mogib, M., Albar,
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Plectranthus vestitus (Lamiaceae) b
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CHAPTER 2: POLLINATION OF STRAIGHT-
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100 C.J. Potgieter et al.: Pollinat
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102 2 14 ° I .j. / 2 .e- ¢..,~ }e
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104 a C d Stenobasipteron sp. (N, D
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Pollination of Plectranthus spp. (L
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648 C.J. Potgieter et al. / South A
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CHAPTER 4: CONVERGENT POLLINATION I
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Syst. Geogr. PI. 71 XVIth Ss.Gg.l.1
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Syst. Geogr. Pl. 71 Syst. Geogr. P1
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Syst. Geogr. Pl. 71 Figure 2. Distr
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Syst. Svst. Geogr. Pl. P1. 71 XVIth
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Syst. Geogr. Pl. 71 P1.71 XVIth AET
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THE STENOBASIPTERON WIEDEMANNI (DIP
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256 Annals of the Missouri Botanica
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CHAPTER 6: NATURAL HYBRIDS Viljoen,
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100 A.M. Viljoen et al. / South Afr
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102 Table 1 (continued) RRI : Relat
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104 Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Wa
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contrast, shallow flowers with rela
Page 89 and 90: [=Syncolostemon albiflorus (N.E.Br.
Page 91 and 92: Nectar volumes were measured by usi
Page 93 and 94: Table 1: Nectar sugar properties of
Page 95 and 96: To test whether these results could
Page 97 and 98: Nectar sugar concentration results
Page 99 and 100: Discussion A. Nectar Sugars Very fe
Page 101 and 102: differences in sucrose concentratio
Page 103 and 104: is that the shortest-tubed P. sacca
Page 105 and 106: Nectar volume and concentration dat
Page 107 and 108: Complete rewardlessness is rarely r
Page 109 and 110: Goldblatt, P., Bernhardt, P., Manni
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 8: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIO
Page 113 and 114: medium-proboscid nemestrinid flies
Page 115 and 116: Plectranthus (see Appendix). Anecdo
Page 117 and 118: were seen on older inflorescences),
Page 119 and 120: (Potgieter et al. 2009), developing
Page 121 and 122: Paton, A.J., Springate, D., Suddee,
Page 123 and 124: The following abbreviations are use
Page 125 and 126: 1. Plectranthus ambiguus (H.Bol.) C
Page 127 and 128: 2. Plectranthus hilliardiae Codd Ha
Page 129 and 130: 3. Plectranthus reflexus Van Jaarsv
Page 131 and 132: 4. Plectranthus saccatus Benth. Hab
Page 133 and 134: P. saccatus (12 - 14 mm) in cultiva
Page 135 and 136: Nemestrinid flies hovered while pro
Page 137 and 138: 6. Plectranthus zuluensis T. Cooke
Page 139: 7. Plectranthus ciliatus E.Mey ex B
Page 143 and 144: 8. Plectranthus ernstii Codd Habit,
Page 145 and 146: As discussed for P. ernstii, a tent
Page 147 and 148: acrocerid flies of the genus Psilod
Page 149 and 150: This fly species also pollinates wh
Page 151 and 152: syrphid fly, a hesperid butterfly a
Page 153 and 154: Study sites and observations Observ
Page 155 and 156: Potgieter 147 OG, 3-4-98 Prosoeca u
Page 157 and 158: 14. Plectranthus petiolaris E.Mey.
Page 159 and 160: Episyrphus sp. (Syrphidae) Potgiete
Page 161 and 162: Dargle Valley in late March. On a o
Page 163 and 164: Bombyliidae (Diptera) Potgieter 38
Page 165 and 166: Insect vouchers Prosoeca umbrosa (N
Page 167 and 168: Insect vouchers Chalicodoma sp. A (
Page 169 and 170: 19. Pycnostachys urticifolia Hook.
Page 171 and 172: 20. Aeollanthus parvifolius Benth.
Page 173 and 174: References Brothers, D.J., 1999. Ph
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