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collecting megachilinid bees of the genera Chalicodoma (Chalicodoma sp. B) and Megachile (Megachile spp. A & B). The apinid bees probed corollas for nectar and the flexible tips of their proboscides allowed them to negotiate the sigmoid corolla bend; the longer proboscis of A. mimadvena allowed pollen deposition ventrally on the bee thorax and abdomen, while the shorter proboscis of Xylocopa resulted in pollen placement on the base of the head as well. The downwards angle of the distal limb of the corolla tube forced the bees to probe upwards, and ensured body contact with the anthers and stigma in the lower lip. The megachilinid bees had large ventral pollen loads. These bees have abdominal scopae into which pollen is gathered, which places it in a perfect position for stigma deposition. Other floral visitors were the apinid bee Apis mellifera, collecting pollen, a lycaenid butterfly, a megachilinid bee, Pseudoanthidium truncatum, on which no pollen was found, and the apinid bee Thyreus sp., on which no pollen was found. Insect vouchers Amegilla mimadvena (Apidae) Xylocopa scioensis (Apidae) NV Potgieter 128 Xylocopa flavorufa (Apidae) PMB Gdn, 28-4-98 Potgieter 129 Chalicodoma sp. B (Apidae) PMB Gdn, 28-4-98 Potgieter 126 Megachile sp. A (Apidae) PMB Gdn, 28-4-98 Potgieter 123 Megachile sp. B (Apidae) PMB Gdn, 28-4-98 Potgieter 127 Apis mellifera (Apidae) PMB Gdn, 28-4-98 Potgieter 124 PMB Gdn, 28-4-98 Pseudoanthidium truncatum (Apidae) Potgieter 125 PMB Gdn, 28-4-98 Thyreus sp. (Apidae) NV Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) NV Appendix/ 161 Py. urticifolia
20. Aeollanthus parvifolius Benth. Habit, habitat, distribution and phenology Aeollanthus parvifolius is a semi-succulent herb or sub-shrub with ascending branches that spread out from a woody base, growing 0.2 – 0.5 m tall. It usually occurs among rocks, coastally in the Eastern Cape and KZN, to Swaziland and at higher altitudes in Mpumalanga, North West and the Northern Province. It flowers from December to June. Inflorescence and floral morphology Relatively lax panicoid synflorescences that are often branched, reach 50 – 200 mm in height. Flowers are white, sometimes with a pinkish tinge, and the upper lip has nectar guides in the form of reddish purple spots. The corolla tube is 7 – 10 mm long, curving downwards from a cylindrical, narrow base, expanding towards the mouth. The upper lip is 5 mm and the concave lower lip 8 mm long. The four didynamous stamens are attached at the mouth of the corolla, with free filaments lying inside and exserted slightly beyond the lower lip, bearing one-celled anthers. Study sites and observations Pollinator observations were made at Umtamvuna and Ongoye Forest, with about equal amount of time spent at each locality – a total of six hours from early to late afternoons on sunny days. Pollinators At Umtamvuna Apis mellifera and a few syrphid flies were seen collecting pollen, but the apinid bee, Amegilla fallax, visited flowers for nectar and appeared to be a pollinator. At Ongoye Forest three apinid bee species (Amegilla mimadvena, A. bothai and A. fallax) were pollinators. All these bees could reach nectar at the base of the corolla and picked up pollen passively on their ventral abdominal surfaces. An acrocerid fly, Psilodera sp., visited flowers in a similar way as the apinid bees, with its black and white striped abdomen looking superficially like that of A. fallax (subgenus Zebramegilla). Appendix/ 162 A. parvifolius
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Pollination of Plectranthus L’Hé
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STUDENT DECLARATION 1 Pollination o
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DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR We hereby
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial support
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CONTENTS Abstract ……………
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apparent neo-endemics with strong a
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enhance the understanding of floral
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three species of Xylocopa Latreille
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Chapter 2: Pollination of Straight-
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References Abdel-Mogib, M., Albar,
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Plectranthus vestitus (Lamiaceae) b
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CHAPTER 2: POLLINATION OF STRAIGHT-
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100 C.J. Potgieter et al.: Pollinat
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102 2 14 ° I .j. / 2 .e- ¢..,~ }e
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104 a C d Stenobasipteron sp. (N, D
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Pollination of Plectranthus spp. (L
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648 C.J. Potgieter et al. / South A
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CHAPTER 4: CONVERGENT POLLINATION I
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Syst. Geogr. PI. 71 XVIth Ss.Gg.l.1
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Syst. Geogr. Pl. 71 Syst. Geogr. P1
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Syst. Geogr. Pl. 71 Figure 2. Distr
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Syst. Svst. Geogr. Pl. P1. 71 XVIth
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Syst. Geogr. Pl. 71 P1.71 XVIth AET
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THE STENOBASIPTERON WIEDEMANNI (DIP
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256 Annals of the Missouri Botanica
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CHAPTER 6: NATURAL HYBRIDS Viljoen,
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100 A.M. Viljoen et al. / South Afr
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102 Table 1 (continued) RRI : Relat
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104 Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Wa
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contrast, shallow flowers with rela
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[=Syncolostemon albiflorus (N.E.Br.
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Nectar volumes were measured by usi
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Table 1: Nectar sugar properties of
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To test whether these results could
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Nectar sugar concentration results
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Discussion A. Nectar Sugars Very fe
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differences in sucrose concentratio
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is that the shortest-tubed P. sacca
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Nectar volume and concentration dat
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Complete rewardlessness is rarely r
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Goldblatt, P., Bernhardt, P., Manni
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CHAPTER 8: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIO
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medium-proboscid nemestrinid flies
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Plectranthus (see Appendix). Anecdo
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were seen on older inflorescences),
Page 119 and 120: (Potgieter et al. 2009), developing
Page 121 and 122: Paton, A.J., Springate, D., Suddee,
Page 123 and 124: The following abbreviations are use
Page 125 and 126: 1. Plectranthus ambiguus (H.Bol.) C
Page 127 and 128: 2. Plectranthus hilliardiae Codd Ha
Page 129 and 130: 3. Plectranthus reflexus Van Jaarsv
Page 131 and 132: 4. Plectranthus saccatus Benth. Hab
Page 133 and 134: P. saccatus (12 - 14 mm) in cultiva
Page 135 and 136: Nemestrinid flies hovered while pro
Page 137 and 138: 6. Plectranthus zuluensis T. Cooke
Page 139 and 140: 7. Plectranthus ciliatus E.Mey ex B
Page 141 and 142: Plectranthus ciliatus is a relative
Page 143 and 144: 8. Plectranthus ernstii Codd Habit,
Page 145 and 146: As discussed for P. ernstii, a tent
Page 147 and 148: acrocerid flies of the genus Psilod
Page 149 and 150: This fly species also pollinates wh
Page 151 and 152: syrphid fly, a hesperid butterfly a
Page 153 and 154: Study sites and observations Observ
Page 155 and 156: Potgieter 147 OG, 3-4-98 Prosoeca u
Page 157 and 158: 14. Plectranthus petiolaris E.Mey.
Page 159 and 160: Episyrphus sp. (Syrphidae) Potgiete
Page 161 and 162: Dargle Valley in late March. On a o
Page 163 and 164: Bombyliidae (Diptera) Potgieter 38
Page 165 and 166: Insect vouchers Prosoeca umbrosa (N
Page 167 and 168: Insect vouchers Chalicodoma sp. A (
Page 169: 19. Pycnostachys urticifolia Hook.
Page 173 and 174: References Brothers, D.J., 1999. Ph
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