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Family Famil systematics sti C.J. Potgieter Potier & T.J. Edwards, Long, narrow crla corollas in Lamiaceae Lamia Table 4. Recorded natural hybrids of Plectranthus from Oribi Gorge. Natural hybrids are only derived from species with short or medium corolla tube lengths. Measurements are in mm. Standard deviation (SD) given after mean value. Sample size (n) = 20 for each species. Data from Potgieter & al. (2000). Hybrid Parent Plectranthus spp Tube length: Tube length: range mean (SD) P. zuluensis x P. ciliatus P. zuluensis T.Cooke 10 - 12 11.5 (0.6) P. ciliatus E.Mey. ex Benth. 6- 8 6.8 (0.7) P. oribiensis x P. ernstii P. oribiensis Codd 6.5 - 8 7.2 (0.5) P. ernstiiCodd 6 - 10.5 7.6 (1.2) P. ciliatus x P. oertendahlii P. ciliatus E.Mey. ex Benth. 6 - 8 6.8 (0.7) P. oertendahliiTh.Fries jun. 8 - 11.5 9.6 (1.2) nectar, which leads to heightened pollinator fidelity. Potgieter & al. (1999) outline the ability of pollinators to access nectar in seven species of Plectranthus. These results indicated that only S. wiedemanni is capable of reaching the nectar of long-tubed Plectranthus species. Extensive fieldwork a t Oribi Gorge N.R. has revealed natural hybrids between medium - and short-tubed Plectranthus species (table 4), but no natural hybrids have been recorded from species with long corolla tubes. This system would break down if there were areas where many long-tubed species co-occur, but the long-tubed Plectranthus species are mostly endemics that seldom co-occur. Where the more widespread P. ambiguus grows in Umtamvuna N. R. with P. hilliardiae and long-tubed forms of P. saccatus, the populations are all ecologically separated along vertical gradients along the slopes of the gorge, or occur either along the Umtamvuna River or one of its tributaries. Acknowledgments. - The authors would like to thank the following: National Research Foundation (NRF) for financial support; Mervyn Lotter of the Mpumalanga Parks Board for discussion; the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Services for access to and accommodation in their reserves; Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Natal Pietermaritzburg for assistance with electron microscopy and photographs; Dr Fred Gess (Entomology Department, Albany Museum), Margie Cochrane (Entomology Collections Manager, South African Museum) and Drs Brian Stuckenberg & Dave Barraclough (Natal Museum) for insect identifications and insect distribution data; The National Botanical Institute for the use of data from the National Herbarium, Pretoria (PRE) Computerised Information System (PRECIS); Dr Steve Johnson for the use of his slide of Prosoeca ganglbaueri and access to a slide scanner; Dave Thompson, Mark Todd and Toni Boddington of the Cartographic Unit for assistance with maps and graphics. References Chapter 4/ 53 Codd L.E. (1985) Lamiaceae. Flora S. Africa 28(4). Johnson S.D. & Johnson K. (1993) Beauty and the beast: a Cape orchid pollinated by horseflies. Veld and Flora (1975+) 79: 38-39. Johnson S.D. & Steiner K.E. (1995) Long-proboscid fly pollination of two orchids in the Cape Drakensberg mountains, South Africa. Plant Syst. Evol. 195: 169-175. Johnson S.D. & Steiner K.E. (1997) Long-tongued fly pollination and evolution of floral spur length in the Disa draconis complex (Orchidaceae). Evolution 51(1): 455-53. Goldblatt P. & Manning J.C. (1998) Gladiolus in Southern Africa. Vlaeberg, Fernwood Press. 501
Syst. Geogr. Pl. 71 P1.71 XVIth AETFAT Syst.- Geogr.~ XVIth AETFAT Congress~- Congress Goldblatt P. & Manning J.C. (1999) The long-proboscid fly pollination system in Gladiolus (Iridaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 758-774. Goldblatt P. & Manning J.C. (2000) The long-proboscid fly pollination system in southern Africa. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gardl. 87: 146-170. Goldblatt P., Manning J.C. & Bernhardt P. (1995) Pollination biology of Lapeirousia subgenus Lapeirousia (Iridaceae) in southern Africa; floral divergence and adaptations for long-tongued fly pollination. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 517-534. Manning J.C. & Goldblatt P. (1995) Cupid comes in many guises: the not-so -humble fly and pollination guild in the Overberg. Veld and Flora (1975+) 81: 50-52. Manning J.C. & Goldblatt P. (1996) The Prosoeca peringueyi (Diptera: Nemestrinidae) pollination guild in southern Afiica: longtongued flies and their tubular flowers. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 83: 67-86. Manning J.C. & Goldblatt P. (1997) The Moegistorhynchus longirostris (Diptera: Nemestrinidae) pollination guild: long-tubed flowers and a specialized long-proboscid fly pollination system in southern Africa. Plant Syst. Evol. 206: 51-69. Manning J.C., Goldblatt P. & Winter P.J.D. (1999) Two new species of Gladiolus (Iridaceae: Ixioideae) from South Africa and notes on long-proboscid fly pollination in the genus. Bothalia 29: 217-223. Potgieter CJ., Edwards TJ., Miller R.M. & Van Staden J. (1999) Pollination of seven Plectranthus spp. (Lamiaceae) in southern Natal, South Africa. Plant Syst. Evol. 218: 99-112. Potgieter CJ., Edwards TJ. & Viljoen A. (2000) The significance of hybrids in South African species of Plectranthus (Lamiaceae). Poster presentation at XVIth AETFAT Congress August 28 - September 2, 2000. Rebelo A.G., Siegfried W.R. & Olivier E.G.H. (1985) Pollination syndromes of Erica species in the south-western Cape. S.A. Jnl. Bot. 51: 270-280. Struck M. (1997) Floral divergence and convergence in the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) in southern Africa: ecological and evolutionary considerations. Plant Syst. Evol. 208: 71-97. Van Jaarsveld E.J. & Edwards T.J. (1991) Plectranthus reflexus. Fl. P1. Africa 51: Plate 2034. Van Jaarsveld E.J. & Edwards T.J. (1997) Notes on Plectranthus (Lamiaceae) from southern Africa. Bothalia 27: 1-6. Vos W.T., Edwards T.J. & Van Staden J. (1994) Pollination biology of annual and perennial Leonotis species (Lamiaceae). Plantzr Syst. Evol. 192: 1-9. Manuscript received November 2000; accepted in revised version February 2001. 502 Chapter 4/ 54
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Pollination of Plectranthus L’Hé
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STUDENT DECLARATION 1 Pollination o
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DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR We hereby
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial support
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CONTENTS Abstract ……………
Page 11 and 12: apparent neo-endemics with strong a
Page 13 and 14: enhance the understanding of floral
Page 15 and 16: three species of Xylocopa Latreille
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2: Pollination of Straight-
Page 19 and 20: References Abdel-Mogib, M., Albar,
Page 21 and 22: Plectranthus vestitus (Lamiaceae) b
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 2: POLLINATION OF STRAIGHT-
Page 25 and 26: 100 C.J. Potgieter et al.: Pollinat
Page 27 and 28: 102 2 14 ° I .j. / 2 .e- ¢..,~ }e
Page 29 and 30: 104 a C d Stenobasipteron sp. (N, D
Page 39 and 40: Pollination of Plectranthus spp. (L
Page 41 and 42: 648 C.J. Potgieter et al. / South A
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 4: CONVERGENT POLLINATION I
Page 55 and 56: Syst. Geogr. PI. 71 XVIth Ss.Gg.l.1
Page 57 and 58: Syst. Geogr. Pl. 71 Syst. Geogr. P1
Page 59 and 60: Syst. Geogr. Pl. 71 Figure 2. Distr
Page 61: Syst. Svst. Geogr. Pl. P1. 71 XVIth
Page 65 and 66: THE STENOBASIPTERON WIEDEMANNI (DIP
Page 67 and 68: 256 Annals of the Missouri Botanica
Page 79 and 80: CHAPTER 6: NATURAL HYBRIDS Viljoen,
Page 81 and 82: 100 A.M. Viljoen et al. / South Afr
Page 83 and 84: 102 Table 1 (continued) RRI : Relat
Page 85 and 86: 104 Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Wa
Page 87 and 88: contrast, shallow flowers with rela
Page 89 and 90: [=Syncolostemon albiflorus (N.E.Br.
Page 91 and 92: Nectar volumes were measured by usi
Page 93 and 94: Table 1: Nectar sugar properties of
Page 95 and 96: To test whether these results could
Page 97 and 98: Nectar sugar concentration results
Page 99 and 100: Discussion A. Nectar Sugars Very fe
Page 101 and 102: differences in sucrose concentratio
Page 103 and 104: is that the shortest-tubed P. sacca
Page 105 and 106: Nectar volume and concentration dat
Page 107 and 108: Complete rewardlessness is rarely r
Page 109 and 110: Goldblatt, P., Bernhardt, P., Manni
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 8: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIO
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medium-proboscid nemestrinid flies
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Plectranthus (see Appendix). Anecdo
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were seen on older inflorescences),
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(Potgieter et al. 2009), developing
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Paton, A.J., Springate, D., Suddee,
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The following abbreviations are use
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1. Plectranthus ambiguus (H.Bol.) C
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2. Plectranthus hilliardiae Codd Ha
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3. Plectranthus reflexus Van Jaarsv
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4. Plectranthus saccatus Benth. Hab
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P. saccatus (12 - 14 mm) in cultiva
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Nemestrinid flies hovered while pro
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6. Plectranthus zuluensis T. Cooke
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7. Plectranthus ciliatus E.Mey ex B
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Plectranthus ciliatus is a relative
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8. Plectranthus ernstii Codd Habit,
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As discussed for P. ernstii, a tent
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acrocerid flies of the genus Psilod
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This fly species also pollinates wh
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syrphid fly, a hesperid butterfly a
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Study sites and observations Observ
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Potgieter 147 OG, 3-4-98 Prosoeca u
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14. Plectranthus petiolaris E.Mey.
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Episyrphus sp. (Syrphidae) Potgiete
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Dargle Valley in late March. On a o
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Bombyliidae (Diptera) Potgieter 38
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Insect vouchers Prosoeca umbrosa (N
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Insect vouchers Chalicodoma sp. A (
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19. Pycnostachys urticifolia Hook.
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20. Aeollanthus parvifolius Benth.
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References Brothers, D.J., 1999. Ph
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