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FUNCTIONALISM AND ITS CRITICS - Intercollegiate Studies Institute

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<strong>FUNCTIONALISM</strong> <strong>AND</strong> <strong>ITS</strong> <strong>CRITICS</strong><br />

tionalized. For example, would one measure opportunities available<br />

for participation in terms of felt needs or perceptions, or would one<br />

attempt to create some absolute scale? Nevertheless, continued attempts<br />

in this direction would not be without value, even if they<br />

contributed only slightly to our ability to talk about such issues in<br />

more precise terms.<br />

IV. TOWARD A PLURALISTIC APPROACH TO<br />

THE STUDY OF POLITICS<br />

Even as he began to work in a more detailed manner with<br />

problems of evaluation, Almond ' s thinking was undergoing some<br />

shifts as regards empirical analyses. In a series of essays he began<br />

to move away self-consciously from as heavy a reliance on a functional<br />

model as characterized Comparative Politics, and to seek to<br />

combine such a model with other approaches. " The criticisms<br />

leveled against functionalism in his most recent writing parallel those<br />

of some of his critics. Functionalism focuses too much upon equilibrium.<br />

Its picture of society is too mechanistic or organismic. It is<br />

too deterministic, ignoring such phenomena as political leadership. It<br />

assumes reciprocal relationship among elements of a system which<br />

may indeed not exist. It is too abstract, because its more general<br />

statements are not tied closely to research into the ways in which<br />

groups actually make decisions. It ignores or has ignored such<br />

matters as the changing international environment by not being<br />

sufficiently aware of the openness of political and social systems, and<br />

it ignores the effects of particular policies adopted by elites at critical<br />

periods.<br />

Almond also admits that functionalism has remained somewhat<br />

ethnocentric in its outlook, and accepts the criticisms of Hempel<br />

us"<br />

Determinancy Choice, Stability-Change: Some Thoughts on a Contemporary<br />

Polemic in Political Theory, " Government and Opposition 5 ( Winter<br />

1969-1970), pp. 22-40; Gabriel A. Almond, "State Building in Britain, France<br />

and Prussia, "<br />

(Draft paper prepared for the Summer Workshop in State<br />

Building in Western Europe; Stanford, California, mimeographed, n.d., 42<br />

pp.) ; " Approaches to Developmental Causation, " ( First draft of an introduction<br />

to Gabriel Almond and Scott Flanagan (eds.), Developmental Episodes,<br />

mimeographed, n.d., 71 pp.). Professor Almond was kind enough to send me<br />

copies of both papers prior to publication. The latter paper will be published<br />

this year.<br />

261

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