A survey of freshwater fishes and their macroparasites in the ... - NINA

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NINA Report 635 In general, members of the Cyprinodonitformes (Poeciliidae, Rivulidae etc.) are abundant in Central American freshwaters but their continental affinities are equivocal and the origin of the order may be traced back to a basal marine atherinomorph ancestry. The parasites reported from cyprinodontiform hosts in this study include Saccocoelioides (resembling closely S. sogandaresi) from Poecilia gilli, a ‘new’ trematode genus and species, Paracreptotrema blancoi, the nematode Spinitectus mexicanus (or a species very similar to it) from Priapichthys annectens (Choudhury et al. 2006), and the trematode Paracreptotrema mendezi in Brachyrhaphis olomina. All of these records are consistent with the distribution of these parasites from middle America (Mexico extending to Panama). The number of parasite species recorded within one season in our study appears mainly to depend on the number of host (i.e. fish) species analyzed, perhaps reflecting a certain host specificity. Increasing the number of individuals of one host species, or adding more individuals of the same host species from more localities have less impact on recorded parasite diversity. The general picture is also that the parasite load is quite moderate, both in terms of prevalence (proportion of fish infected) and mean abundance. This is in accordance with the observations of Choudhury & Dick (2000) and Poulin (2001). Our observation in this respect may be due to the small body size and short life span of many of the host species (cf. Poulin 1995). It is, however, surprising that we found few parasite taxa also in the largest individual fishes investigated (Arius spp. from location 11). Our data strongly indicate a high turnover rate of parasite taxa between seasons. On the three localities which were sampled both in the wet and dry seasons, only 0 – 21% of all parasite taxa recorded were found in both seasons. On the other hand, we found no significant difference between the species richness of parasite communities in two dry seasons. This indicates that there might be a stable seasonal pattern. It is generally claimed that fish parasite communities are non-equilibrium systems, and that replicable patterns are hard to find (Poulin & Valtonen 2002, Kennedy 2009, but see Hartvigsen 1995). A longer time series than what is represented by our data would be required to confirm a seasonal pattern in the parasite fauna of ACG freshwater fishes. 6 Summary Fish were collected in rivers within the Guanacaste Conservation Area (ACG) at 14 localities (205-675 m a.s.l.) on the Atlantic side, and 13 localities (8-880 m a.s.l.) on the Pacific side. The freshwater fish fauna of this area is relatively species poor, with only 36 species recorded during our survey; 25 on the Pacific and 26 on the Atlantic side of the continental divide. Excluding the low-altitude (
7 References 27 NINA Report 635 Appelberg, M., Berger, H.M., Hesthagen, T., Kleiven, E., Kurkilahti, M., Raitaniemi, J. & Rask, M. 1995. Development and intercalibration of methods in Nordic freshwater fish monitoring. – Water, Air and Soil Pollution 85: 401-406. Bell, G. 2003. The interpretation of biological surveys. – Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Ser. B 270: 2531-2542. Bussing, W.A. 1985. Patterns of distribution of the Central American ichthyofauna. – Pp. 453- 473 in F.G. Stehli & S.D. Webb (eds) The great American biotic interchange. Plenum Press, New York. Bussing, W.A. 1987. Peces de las Aguas Continentales de Costa Rica. - Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San José. Bussing, W.A. 1994. Ecological aspects of the fish community. – Pp 195-198 in: L. McDade, K.S. Bawa, H.A. Hespenheide & G.S. Hartshorn (eds) La Selva, ecology and natural history of a tropical rain forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 486 pp. Bussing, W.A. 1998. Peces de las Aguas Continentales de Costa Rica/Freshwater fishes of Costa Rica. – Revista de Biología Tropical 46 (suppl. 2): 468 pp. (Second edition). Bussing, W.A. 2008. A new species of poeciliid fish, Poecilopsis santaelena, from Peninsula Santa Elena, Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. – Revista de Biología Tropical (International Journal of Tropical Biology) 56: 829-838. Bussing, W., Lopez, M. & Winemiller, K. 1996. An inventory of the ichthyofauna. - Pp. 5-9 in: An inventory of the vertebrate fauna of the Guanacaste Conservation Area. INBio, San José. Choudhury, A., Daverdin, R.H. & Brooks, D.R. 2002. Wallinia chavarriae n.sp. (Trematoda: Macroderoididae) in Astyanax aeneus (Günther, 1860) and Brycoamericanus scleroparius (Regan, 1908) (Osteichthyes: Characidae) from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. – Journal of Parasitology 88: 107-112. Choudhury, A. & Dick, T.A. 2000. Richness and diversity of helminth communities in tropical freshwater fishes: empirical evidence. – Journal of Biogeography 27: 935-956. Choudhury, A., Pérez-Ponce de León, G., Brooks, D.R. & Daverdin, R.H. 2006. Paracreptotrema blancoi n. gen. n. sp. (Digenea: Plagiorchiformes: Allocreadiidae) in the olomina, Priapichthys annectens (Osteichthyes: Poeciliidae) from the Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. – Journal of Parasitology 92: 565-568. Good, P. 1994. Permutation tests: a practical guide to resampling methods for testing hypothesis. – Springer series in statistics. Springer-Verlag, New York, 228 pp. Hartvigsen, R. 1995. Spatial patterns in the occurrence of freshwater fish parasites. – Dr.scient (PhD) thesis, Zoological Museum, University of Oslo. Janzen, D. H. & Hallwachs, W. 1994. All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI) of Terrestrial Systems. A generic protocol for preparing wildland biodiversity for non-damaging use. – Report of a NSF Workshop, 16-18 April 1993, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 132 pp. Kennedy, C.R. 2009. The ecology of parasites of freshwater fishes: the search for patterns. – Parasitology 136: 1653-1662. Miller, R.R. 1966. Geographical distribution of freshwater fish fauna of Central America. – Copeia 1966: 773-802. Myers, G.S. 1966. Derivation of the freshwater fish fauna of Central America. – Copeia 1966: 766-773. Pérez-Ponce de León, G. & Choudhury, A. 2005. Biogeography of helminth parasites of freshwater fishes in Mexico: the search for patterns and processes. – Journal of Biogeography 32: 645-659. Poulin, R. 1995. Phylogeny, ecology, and the richness of parasite communities in vertebrates. – Ecological Monographs 65: 283-302.
Page 1 and 2: 635 A survey of freshwater fishes a
Page 3 and 4: Norwegian Institute for Nature Rese
Page 5 and 6: Abstract 3 NINA Report 635 Sandlund
Page 7 and 8: Contents 5 NINA Report 635 Abstract
Page 9 and 10: 1 Introduction 7 NINA Report 635 Th
Page 11 and 12: 9 NINA Report 635 Table 1 Localitie
Page 13 and 14: 3.3 Parasite methods 11 NINA Report
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Page 17 and 18: 4.2 Fish communities 15 NINA Report
Page 19 and 20: 17 NINA Report 635 Table 3 General
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Page 23 and 24: 21 NINA Report 635 observed differe
Page 25 and 26: 23 NINA Report 635 The indication t
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Page 31 and 32: 29 NINA Report 635 List of Annexes
Page 33 and 34: Annex 1, continued Pacific drainage
Page 35 and 36: Annex 3 Fish catches in ACG rivers
Page 37 and 38: Annex 5 Host-Parasite List - Guanac
Page 39 and 40: Annex 6 Parasites and fish hosts re
Page 41 and 42: Annex 6 continued 2 3 4 8 13 14 17
Page 43 and 44: Annex 7 continued 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11
Page 45 and 46: Annex 8 continued 1 2 5 6 7 8 11 12
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