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the influences of social processes into account, this may be particularly true
for cognition models such as the Health Belief Model (Becker & Rosenstock,
1987). Social cognitive theory has attempted to address this omission by
emphasising the social influence on intention and behaviour. However, this
may not be sufficient to explain organisational behaviour as such behaviour
may be both a producer of, and a product of environmental context and
cognitive processes (Luthans, 2008), therefore other factors may need to be
considered such as the degree of decisional control at differing levels of an
organisation’s hierarchy.
Other constructs such as affect or emotion have also been found to be
predictive of health behaviours such as driving and smoking (Lawton,
Connor & Parker 2007). Emotion forms part of the framework identified by
Michie et al (2005) that will be used to consider the literature. The framework
is discussed further in Chapter Three.
2.2.1 Constraints to Good Health and Safety
“Small firms are particularly difficult for the HSE to engage with. Business
issues such as cash flow, sales, staffing and production are even more critical
for small firms than for larger ones – and health and safety is often given a
very low priority.” (McKinney, 2002)
Constraining factors reduce the possibility of interventions among small and
medium sized businesses. Constraints also affect the uptake of interventions
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