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self-efficacy or negative beliefs about capability to meet health and safety demands, concerns about environmental and resource constraints and poor attention given to performance measurement. 2.2.3 Legislation The present situation in the UK is that the Health & Safety at Work Act (1974) and the Management of Health & Safety at Work Regulations (1999) apply equally to all organisations. However, certain sectors have fundamentally higher risks and therefore more legislation has been designed to address their needs than those perceived risks encountered in, perhaps, the service or retail sectors. For example, in one project aimed at small businesses, whilst 94% took up offer of free health and safety starter pack, only 33% used the intervention of free inspection. Notably, those who used the inspection option were involved in the construction industry (Dugdill et al., 2000), suggesting that the increased legislation in this area compared to areas such as retail, provided a motivating factor. This suggests that the beliefs in the consequences of non-compliance with legislation may promote uptake of interventions to improve health and safety. . Arguably, the Heath and Safety at Work Act (1974) allows for a variance in interpretation of legislation concerning employers’ responsibilities towards the health and safety of their employees. The common law principle of reasonable practicability requires the employer to “take into account the danger or hazard or injury which may occur and balance it against the cost, 19
inconvenience, time and trouble which would need to be taken to counter it” (Walters, 2001). This may be less than the requirements of EU framework directive 89/391 and has important implications for small businesses, where the resources needed to carry out health and safety duties may be seen to be greater than the risks. Businesses may be choosing between avoiding negative consequences of injury or saving resources such as time and money. Arguably there is also a greater onus on the SME to anticipate and recognise risk. Survey evidence has also revealed that, for many SMEs, there is a lack of awareness of what specific health and safety legislation is pertinent to their business (Vickers et al., 2003). However, lack of awareness of specific regulations does not necessarily preclude engagement in health and safety activity. A number of SMEs were active in health and safety improvement despite being unsure of their legal requirements (Pilkington et al., 2002; Vickers et al., 2003). 2.2.4 Lack of Perceived Relevance of Advice Concerning Legislation The relevance of health and safety advice to small firms has been questioned. For example, the COSHH Guidance manual published by HSE to improve chemical control has been perceived to be aimed at larger businesses (Wiseman & Gilbert, 2002). There has been difficulty in finding health and safety advice leaflets relevant to the specific needs of the organisation (Wright, Marsden, Collier, & Hopkins, 2003). Small firms tend to see their 20
Page 1 and 2: A thesis submitted in partial fulfi
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I gratefully ackno
Page 5 and 6: 3.1 Stage of Change model 3.2 An in
Page 7 and 8: INDEX OF TABLES Table 2.1. Employme
Page 9 and 10: less time on health and safety acti
Page 11 and 12: “It shall be the duty of every em
Page 13 and 14: greatest majority of commercial ent
Page 15 and 16: een utilised to investigate and imp
Page 17 and 18: usinesses that employ less than two
Page 19 and 20: acknowledge the importance of healt
Page 21 and 22: shift has been the result for many
Page 23 and 24: to accidents; outcome expectancies
Page 25 and 26: offered by external agencies. Restr
Page 27: The notion that interventions may n
Page 31 and 32: perceived “rip off” culture has
Page 33 and 34: are still unwilling to compromise t
Page 35 and 36: stress. Furthermore, one problem wi
Page 37 and 38: The Management Standards are in the
Page 39 and 40: 2.2.9 Basic Steps Towards Complianc
Page 41 and 42: authorised or facilitated by the re
Page 43 and 44: The employment of union health and
Page 45 and 46: costs depends on improvement of per
Page 47 and 48: Hairdressers Federation than inform
Page 49 and 50: about consequences (of not having c
Page 51 and 52: are: knowledge (increased awareness
Page 53 and 54: such as health and safety assessmen
Page 55 and 56: assessments and then use the site t
Page 57 and 58: of the enterprises’ health and sa
Page 59 and 60: standards, for example sanctions su
Page 61 and 62: (Stephens, Hickling, Gaskell, Burto
Page 63 and 64: in the particular context, is a tai
Page 65 and 66: Lack of skills and knowledge appear
Page 67 and 68: 3 CHAPTER THREE : LITERATURE REVIEW
Page 69 and 70: Barrett et al (2005) propose that t
Page 71 and 72: model does not explain how individu
Page 73 and 74: consensus on a theoretical framewor
Page 75 and 76: 2005). Thompson (1986) defined cont
Page 77 and 78: according to level of motivation in
Page 79 and 80:
Maclean, Sinfield, Klein, & Harnden
Page 81 and 82:
may not be a valid reason for choos
Page 83 and 84:
guidance. However other factors nee
Page 85 and 86:
with the practical opportunities pr
Page 87 and 88:
together with domains identified by
Page 89 and 90:
The interview protocol comprised th
Page 91 and 92:
A ‘cold calling’ approach to te
Page 93 and 94:
SMEs. To facilitate this, behaviour
Page 95 and 96:
Information on the cover sheet of t
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disagree’, ‘disagree’, ‘neu
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Training records in health & safety
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Figure 5.2 Number of staff and repo
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Figure 5.4 Relative health & safety
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5.1.5 Motives for Engagement with H
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Themes were identified from the the
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SMEs highlighted the existence of a
Page 111 and 112:
“So we have an operational aspect
Page 113 and 114:
to be enabled by communication with
Page 115 and 116:
“In our experience especially in
Page 117 and 118:
“Technology used to be the barrie
Page 119 and 120:
The telephone interview findings di
Page 121 and 122:
complying with legislation were als
Page 123 and 124:
114
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 6.1 Hours per week organisat
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 6.3. Size by Stage of Change
Page 129 and 130:
Table 6.3 Decision making and encou
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Eigenvalue 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 3 5 Fi
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Table 6.4 Oblimin factor solution w
Page 135 and 136:
The nature of the attitude variable
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the project, the figure was 60%. Th
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framework to meaningfully consider
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encouragement of health & safety be
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The third factor comprised items re
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In the regression model which consi
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about capability (self-efficacy), a
Page 149 and 150:
safety information, training and go
Page 151 and 152:
feelings of control needed to promo
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7 CHAPTER SEVEN: DISCUSSION In this
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capabilities. The evidence for know
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study. It could be argued that this
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2002), although it has shown some v
Page 161 and 162:
the events. Further, careful select
Page 163 and 164:
were limited by the survey tools, w
Page 165 and 166:
IMPLICATIONS FOR GOOD PRACTICE AND
Page 167 and 168:
stronger links with their suppliers
Page 169 and 170:
160
Page 171 and 172:
of health and safety appraisal with
Page 173 and 174:
Dugdill, L., Kavanagh, C., Barlow,
Page 175 and 176:
Haslam, R. A. (2002). Targeting erg
Page 177 and 178:
Ley, P. & Morris, L.A. (1984) Psych
Page 179 and 180:
Pilkington, A., Graham, M., Cowie,
Page 181 and 182:
Tait, R., & Walker, D. (2000b). Mar
Page 183 and 184:
Winum, P., Ryterband, E., Stephenso
Page 185:
Appendices 176
Page 189 and 190:
General Introductions We are undert
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Making 48. a) Are you aware of any
Page 195 and 196:
Pre-contemplation Buying “No, I'm
Page 197 and 198:
“Only the general risk assessment
Page 200:
Appendix C - Questionnaire
Page 203 and 204:
23 We have to have health and safet
Page 205 and 206:
54 Carrying out health and safety t
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