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The Dissertation Committee for Judith Lynn Dykes-Hoffmann Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: On the Edge of the Balcones Escarpment: The Urban and Cultural Development of New Braunfels and San Marcos, Texas 1845 – 1880 Committee: ____________________________________ William E. Doolittle, Co-Supervisor ____________________________________ Terry Jordan-Bychkov, Co-Supervisor ____________________________________ Christopher Shane Davies ____________________________________ Gregory W. Knapp ____________________________________ Susan W. Hardwick
On the Edge of the Balcones Escarpment: The Urban and Cultural Development of New Braunfels and San Marcos, Texas 1845 – 1880 by Judith Lynn Dykes-Hoffmann, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2003
Page 1: Copyright by Judith Lynn Dykes-Hoff
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements In 1991 while rese
Page 7 and 8: threw myself into the writing proce
Page 9 and 10: Dee Barton, Graduate Coordinator fo
Page 11 and 12: Table of Contents List of Tables an
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables 3.1 Population Summa
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures 1.1 Study Areas - C
Page 17 and 18: direction of the Verein zum Schutze
Page 19 and 20: D.W. Meining wrote about the contri
Page 21 and 22: New Braunfels was the first Texas t
Page 23 and 24: Another point that will aid this st
Page 25 and 26: Figure 1.2 Land Resource Areas in C
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1.3 Climatic Regions of Texa
Page 29 and 30: Fig1.4 General Soil Map Comal Count
Page 31 and 32: the edge of the Balcones Escarpment
Page 33 and 34: way to San Antonio and commented th
Page 35 and 36: Chapter Two Gone to Texas! Percepti
Page 37 and 38: industrialist class. For these peop
Page 39 and 40: description of the country and the
Page 41 and 42: Anglo empressario was Moses Austin
Page 43 and 44: individuals. It was at this time of
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.1 While this grant would p
Page 47 and 48: An excellent and beautiful place wh
Page 49 and 50: during the late summer and early fa
Page 51 and 52: traveled along the banks of the San
Page 53 and 54:
go astray” and come close to the
Page 55 and 56:
Industry and economics must have be
Page 57 and 58:
Finally, I would like to mention th
Page 59 and 60:
These writers also came from the up
Page 61 and 62:
Chapter Three Homelands Old and New
Page 63 and 64:
non-Germans settled there and where
Page 65 and 66:
Table 3.1 Population Summary by Eth
Page 67 and 68:
Industry and manufacturing never ga
Page 69 and 70:
Overall, 62.2% of U.S.-born residen
Page 71 and 72:
counted in the census in Hays Count
Page 73 and 74:
The two towns differed in their for
Page 75 and 76:
Table 3.6 Population Summary U.S. B
Page 77 and 78:
Missouri, Louisiana, and Texas, the
Page 79 and 80:
founding, Germans retained their st
Page 81 and 82:
However, only eight percent of New
Page 83 and 84:
German, adult population controlled
Page 85 and 86:
Table 3.11 Population Summary Free
Page 87 and 88:
Table 3.12 Population Summary All F
Page 89 and 90:
dominance continued unchanged from
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3.14 Population Origins Summa
Page 93 and 94:
Table 3.15 Population Origins Summa
Page 95 and 96:
other was unlike anything seen befo
Page 97 and 98:
Chapter Four Town Building Along th
Page 99 and 100:
with 1, 298 people in 1850, only fo
Page 101 and 102:
others scouted the immediate area.
Page 103 and 104:
these cycles as each town has its o
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 4.2 New Braunfels.City Map 1
Page 107 and 108:
needed Verein buildings. For exampl
Page 109 and 110:
Church Street, Mill Street led to t
Page 111 and 112:
especially town lots quickly evapor
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 4.3 New Braunfels.City Map 1
Page 115 and 116:
a week on their way from San Antoni
Page 117 and 118:
people. Little farming could be fou
Page 119 and 120:
other served as a hotel, tavern and
Page 121 and 122:
Germans than the Anglo-Americans, 1
Page 123 and 124:
Figure 4.5 Comal Town and Braunfels
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 4.6 Neighborsville Map, 1863
Page 127 and 128:
emarked how the town’s location w
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The Town Square, Buildings and Othe
Page 131 and 132:
“genuine rural spot” on his hil
Page 133 and 134:
esidences to the count if included
Page 135 and 136:
during the same time. 191 In term o
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 4.8 New Braunfels Map 1868 1
Page 139 and 140:
a pull factor to get other people t
Page 141 and 142:
and in through the chinks between t
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 4.9 San Marcos City Map, Cop
Page 145 and 146:
Their arrival forced Adelsverein le
Page 147 and 148:
egional importance. Goods produced
Page 149 and 150:
e found in an urban geographical se
Page 151 and 152:
Table 5.1 (cont.) List of Occupatio
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them, so it seems only natural that
Page 155 and 156:
Several things in this table stand
Page 157 and 158:
to 46 listings, which meant there w
Page 159 and 160:
Braunfels in 1855 and noted several
Page 161 and 162:
If so many people in New Braunfels
Page 163 and 164:
mills, two saw mills, and a sash fa
Page 165 and 166:
The number and percentage of agricu
Page 167 and 168:
e utilized to a greater extent. Lan
Page 169 and 170:
commented that he believed it was t
Page 171 and 172:
As well, the hiring of Germans to w
Page 173 and 174:
occupied the whole county. He furth
Page 175 and 176:
When it was time for the 1880 count
Page 177 and 178:
a brickyard worker. However, there
Page 179 and 180:
een “staked out and the plow [was
Page 181 and 182:
Chapter Six Conclusions The physica
Page 183 and 184:
outsider. One theme consistent thro
Page 185 and 186:
the 1870s with population and econo
Page 187 and 188:
Culture played a role in the develo
Page 189 and 190:
Foreign Born Adult and Head of Hous
Page 191 and 192:
Adult Population Totals by Ethnicit
Page 193 and 194:
Foreign Born and U.S. born Adult an
Page 195 and 196:
Foreign Born and U.S. Born Children
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Free Population, Heads of Household
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Adult Origin of Birth/Ethnicity Com
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
U.S. Born Adult Population Origins
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
U.S. Born and Foreign Born Children
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
U.S. Born Adult and Head of Househo
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Foreign Born and U.S. Born Children
Page 223 and 224:
U.S. Born Adult Population Origins
Page 225 and 226:
Adult Population by Ethnicity, Summ
Page 227 and 228:
Adult Origin of Birth/Ethnicity Com
Page 229 and 230:
Foreign Born Population Origins Hea
Page 231 and 232:
U.S. Born Population Origins (cont.
Page 233 and 234:
Population Totals by Ethnicity New
Page 235 and 236:
Population by Ethnicity, Summary He
Page 237 and 238:
Foreign Born and U.S. Born Populati
Page 239 and 240:
Foreign Born and U.S. Born Populati
Page 241 and 242:
U.S. Born Population Origins Heads
Page 243 and 244:
Population Totals by Ethnicity San
Page 245 and 246:
U.S. Born Population (cont.) Childr
Page 247 and 248:
Appendix B Occupations for New Brau
Page 249 and 250:
Table B.1 (cont.) List of Occupatio
Page 251 and 252:
Occupation Summary Free Population,
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
List of Occupations and the number
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Tinner 1 .8 Occupations of Boarders
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
1880 Occupations New Braunfels and
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Occupation Summary Head of Househol
Page 285 and 286:
Seele, Hermann. The Cypress and Oth
Page 287 and 288:
Arreola Daniel D. Tejano South Texa
Page 289 and 290:
Glacken, Clarence J. Traces on the
Page 291 and 292:
________. “Growing Up Female in N
Page 293 and 294:
Texas Historical Records Survey, Di
Page 295:
Lutheran University, with grant mon
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