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• A new $40 million investment in climate modeling aims to elucidate the differences in climate simulation models. Some projects should address how to downscale general circulation models to regional and decadal scales to provide more practical information for irrigation managers and water resource managers. • Water Sustainability and Climate, another new solicitation supported with $25 million, requires an interdisciplinary approach incorporating biological sciences, earth sciences, social, behavioral and economic sciences, and engineering. • The Office of International Science and Engineering supported an African Long-Term Research Network 2008 workshop in Mali to develop collaborative projects between U.S. and African scientists and to focus on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in different environments. Scientists will be working in eight villages of the Millennium Villages project to determine the nitrogen cycle and look for ways to find more nitrogen. • The Mpala Research Centre ecohydrology project in northern Kenya evaluates the spatial and temporal patterns of plant water use efficiency from the individual plant level to landscapes. The site is part of the worldwide network of evaporative flux measurements and will provide information on evaporation, “ere’s always a cost of water. What this shows is that to maximize the net income in this case, we should be operating at some point below the maximum yield.” transpiration and carbon fluxes. The project also investigates dryland ecosystem land degradation, which lowers the carrying capacity for cattle, reducing the nutrition available to the population. NSF supports the project because the global evaporative flux network contains few sites in Africa (and none in east Africa). • The Basic Research to Enable Agricultural Development (BREAD) program, a partnership between NSF and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, provides $24 million from each foundation over five years to address constraints faced by smallholder farmers in the developing world. The program aims to identify the major constraints in plant production and to find innovative ways to overcome them. “This is an exciting project for NSF,” Cuenca said. “Only through this project do we have the capability of supporting some of our foreign counterparts. We have lots of projects all over the world, worth millions of dollars, but we cannot support foreign investigators directly except through this BREAD program.” Cuenca concluded by emphasizing the human dimensions of research. “Ultimately the reason we are here is because we want to make things better for these kids, and we want to see them not be in a position of malnutrition.” Proceedings of the 2010 Water for Food Conference 55
56 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON WATER FOR FOOD 2 Speakers A System Approach to Water Productivity Robert T. Fraley Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, Monsanto Company Although many people still have a pastoral view of agriculture, unprecedented modern technologies will meet the growing demand for food, Robert T. Fraley said. He described important advances in agronomic practices, breeding and biotechnology research occurring today in U.S. corn production. Monsanto Company has committed itself to achieving sustainable agriculture and serving growers. Part of that commitment includes helping farmers double yields in corn, cotton, soybeans and spring-planted canola by 2030 – and do so with one-third fewer inputs per unit of output. For U.S. corn, Monsanto’s goal is to raise yields from today’s 137 bushels per acre to 300 bushels per acre by 2030. Such gains won’t be accomplished with a simple technique or method but through advances in biotechnology and breeding, as well as systemic improvements in agronomic techniques. “It’s important that this technology benefits all farmers,” Fraley said, from large-scale U.S. growers to smallholder farmers across Africa and Asia. “We can see these tools improve their lives, their profitability and their cultures and societies.” In 1970, the year Fraley left his family’s farm, his father was thrilled that corn yield averages hit 75 bushels per acre. Today, technology powers record yields – more than 160 bushels per acre. “In 2030, we’ll look back at how we’re growing corn today the same way we Robert T. Fraley kind of laugh when we look at how we did it in the 1970s. We’re going to experience the greatest explosion in the advancement of agricultural technology that the world’s ever seen,” Fraley said. If productivity gains continue along the historical trend line, average U.S. corn yields will reach 200 bushels by 2030. However, improvements in agronomic practices, such as fertilizer technologies and seed treatments, as well as advances in breeding using new genetic tools, will increase yearly baseline gains slightly. New biotechnology traits will drive gains even further to the goal of 300 bushels per acre. Inputs are an important part of the equation. Since 1970, new technologies have resulted in the steady use of nitrogen and a dramatic reduction in pesticide use. Going forward, rainfall and chemicals will remain steady, and fertilizer use will rise slightly with increased yields. It’s
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Proceedings of the 2010 Water for F
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2 © 2010, The Board of Regents of
Page 5 and 6: 4 Contents 11 Foreword 12 Executive
Page 7 and 8: 6 Contents 94 Agricultural Water: C
Page 9 and 10: 8 In Memoriam Robert B. Daugherty J
Page 12 and 13: Foreword Today 75 to 80 percent of
Page 14 and 15: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Proceedings of th
Page 16 and 17: Trust Fund, a global fund for small
Page 18 and 19: Nguyen Hieu Trung of Can Tho Univer
Page 20 and 21: provide improved transgenic varieti
Page 22 and 23: Economic Tools Richard Perrin and L
Page 24 and 25: U.S. and elsewhere. An increasing a
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTION Proceedings of the 201
Page 28 and 29: plenary sessions, Global Perspectiv
Page 30 and 31: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON WATER FOR FO
Page 32 and 33: Global weather trends are particula
Page 34 and 35: ights and investments in storage an
Page 36 and 37: “Doubling food production in a wa
Page 38 and 39: through partnerships with private e
Page 40 and 41: A managed-stress screen must be int
Page 42 and 43: Anne Wangalachi/CIMMYT works with 1
Page 44 and 45: demand comes from mining and other
Page 46 and 47: Water Security: What is the Challen
Page 48 and 49: from nongovernmental organization (
Page 50 and 51: Comparing Green Revolutions in Asia
Page 52 and 53: In addition, the higher value of ir
Page 54 and 55: Science Challenges at the Water/Foo
Page 58 and 59: important, however, to consider inc
Page 60 and 61: “Clearly, the area that needs thi
Page 62 and 63: ICIWaRM focuses on practical scienc
Page 64 and 65: • Manage the demand for water and
Page 66 and 67: Khumbane, a South African woman who
Page 68 and 69: ainwater … needs to be encouraged
Page 70 and 71: The Water-Saving Irrigation Strateg
Page 72 and 73: New Water Challenges Like other cou
Page 74 and 75: and resources to increase productiv
Page 76 and 77: yields averaged about 1.7 tons per
Page 78 and 79: Rockström and his colleagues demon
Page 80 and 81: GENETICS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CROP WAT
Page 82 and 83: A Global Assessment of Corn Water U
Page 84 and 85: Many innovations stem from the abil
Page 86 and 87: Maize QTL Mapping Tuberosa’s QTL
Page 88 and 89: with this and other beneficial trai
Page 90 and 91: Audience question: To what extent d
Page 92 and 93: HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WATER FOR FOOD
Page 94 and 95: Feeding 9 Billion and Maintaining t
Page 96 and 97: To overcome these challenges, CAADP
Page 98 and 99: The factors affecting rate differen
Page 100 and 101: Despite the reform’s success, Aus
Page 102 and 103: Australia made significant mistakes
Page 104 and 105: TECHNOLOGIES AND ADVANCES IN WATER
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Highlights of Research and Educatio
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Wireless Underground Sensor Network
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Trends in Crop Water Productivity E
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Questions and Answers Audience ques
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systems, farmers compensate by swit
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A VIEW FROM AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS
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Rainfed and Irrigated Production in
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Today, Olsen’s middle son works h
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Paulman rotates up to 11 different
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Questions and Answers Moderator Mar
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technology. Argentina still has a 3
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CLIMATE CHALLENGES TO WATER FOR AGR
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Today, in dry fields, farmers culti
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Contributing to Afghanistan’s pro
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KEY ISSUES FOR THE FUTURE Proceedin
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Important to Nebraska and Important
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major gaps, then, that this institu
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Ken Cassman said he was impressed t
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A range of solutions must be consid
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POSTER COMPETITION, CONFERENCE PART
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Chengpeng Lu, UNL Parameter estimat
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Joseph Msanne, UNL Characterization
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Tim Clare University of Nebraska Bo
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Joel Lipsitch John Deere Water Will
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Farzad Taheripour Purdue University
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Alan Moeller, Mark Gustafson, Rolan
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Kenneth Morrison, Sen. Tom Carlson
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Thomas Farrell, Nguyen Hieu Trung a
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