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2. TOXIC CHEMICALS IN WATER, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, AND BOlTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE GREAT LAKES AND THEIR CONNECTING CHANNELS There have been several comprehensive studies of toxic chemicals in different regions of the Great Lakes. These include: Allan et al. (1983). Niagara River Toxics Committee Report (NRE, 1984). Chau et al. (1985). Lawrence (1986), Canada - Ontario St. Clair River Pollution Investigation report (1986). and the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Study (UGLCCS, 1989). Information on the concentrations and fate of toxic chemicals in the connecting channels (the St. Clair, Detroit and Niagara Rivers) and the fate of these chemicals downstream in Lakes St. Clair, Erie and Ontario, has added significantly to the rapidly expanded data base. There have also been several studies which covered all or most of the lakes. Between 1968 and 1975, bottom sediment surveys of some metals and organic chemicals were conducted on each of the lakes and composite geochemical maps were produced. These were extremely valuable for interlake comparisons. The interpretation of the distributions must, however, be related specifically to the years of sample collection. This type of survey has not been repeated. During the 1980s, Rossman (1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988) studied metals in the waters of each of the Great Lakes. He attempted to determine temporal trends and made inter-lake comparisons. In 1981, Sonzogni and Simmons presented typical concentration ranges for lakes. Mudroch et al. (1988) summarized sediment concentrations of some metals and PCBs in each lake. Strachan and Eisenreich (1988) recently attempted to provide representative values for toxic chemical concentrations in Great Lakes water and sediments. They assessed the best available values in early 1986 when they attempted to calculate mass balances for several toxic chemicals in each lake. Concurrently, Stevens and Neilson (in press) collected large volume (37 to 55.5 L) surface water samples from Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario and examined them for toxic organic chemicals (Stevens and Neilson, in press). The results of these studies are in the summary tables for each of the Great Lakes and the Niagara River.
2.1 Lake Superior has the largest surface area of any lake in the world. By volume, it represents half of the water stored in all the Great Lakes and is the second largest lake in the world, after Lake Baikal in Siberia. The main tributaries to Lake Superior are the Nipigon, St. Louis, Pigeon, Pic, White, Michipicoten and Kaministiquia Rivers. The lake discharges via the St. Marys River. It is primarily surrounded by the forested, Precambrian terrain of the Canadian Shield. Chemical mass balance calculations have shown that the atmosphere is a major source of contaminants such as PCBs, DDT, B(a)P and lead, to Lake Superior (Young et al., 1987). There are several reasons for this. Compared with the other Great Lakes, Lake Superior has less agriculture, population and industrialization. This results in lower overall contamination from these sources. Also, the surface of the lake is about 40% of its drainage basin: the precipitation over the lake accounts for more than 50% of the total water input; and the lake has a long residence time combined with rapid circulation and low sedimentation (Chan, 1984). 2.1.1 Water and Suspended Solids The historical concentrations of toxic metals and organic chemicals in the waters of Lake Superior are shown in Table 4. As discussed earlier, much of the historical data, especially on metals, has recently been questioned. Rossmann (1986) compared his 1983 data on concentrations of metals in the dissolved, particulate and total water phases to earlier data for Lake Superior. The results for lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic are discussed below. He concluded that the historical data could only be used to determine trends for total mercury and total arsenic. The decline in concentrations of mean total arsenic was 28 ppt/year based on data from 1973- 1983 (Rossmann, 1986). His metal results were all below the IJC Great Lakes Water Quality objectives. Rossmann and Banes (1988) compared the 1983 results for Lake Superior with similar studies on the other Great Lakes done between 1980 and 1985. Generally, the mean concentrations of lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic in dissolved and total water samples from Lake Superior were significantly (0.05 level of significance) less or not 18
Page 2 and 3: TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE GREAT LAKES
Page 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I Contamin
Page 7 and 8: C. Bishop R.W. Brecher W.D. Clement
Page 10: TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE GREAT LAKES
Page 13 and 14: Detroit River corridor and the Niag
Page 15 and 16: 3 . CONCLUSIONS ...................
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1 . Physical f
Page 19 and 20: the Great Lakes show sediment conce
Page 21 and 22: chemicals in the lakes is also gove
Page 23 and 24: Lakes Ontario and Huron (Thomas, 19
Page 25: tions of chemicals in water and sus
Page 29 and 30: esult of analytical artifacts. The
Page 31 and 32: trations in Great Lakes sediments i
Page 33 and 34: of the lake has been more severe th
Page 35 and 36: total DDT in surficial lake bottom
Page 37 and 38: summarised in Table 8. Rossmann (19
Page 39 and 40: cadmium in embayments. The highest
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 ST. CLAIR RIVER/LAKE ST. CLAlR/
Page 43 and 44: greater (90%) at the head of the ri
Page 45 and 46: higher in the Detroit River than in
Page 47 and 48: The main source, was the Dow chlor-
Page 49 and 50: were 21 ppb (top 1 cm) and 5 ppb fo
Page 51 and 52: smallest by volume and also the sha
Page 53 and 54: There are limited data available on
Page 55 and 56: indicating a retention of some psll
Page 57 and 58: of 9.1 ppb (range 4.6 - 17 ppb); 2.
Page 59 and 60: industries. The large petrochemical
Page 61 and 62: fractions or both in 1984/86 and 19
Page 63 and 64: epoxide, and endosulphan (DOE and M
Page 65 and 66: sources (DOE and MOE, 1981). Mercur
Page 67 and 68: and a larger section joining the ea
Page 69 and 70: in Lakes Ontario and Erie were sign
Page 71 and 72: sampling techniques were used. Back
Page 73 and 74: probably because of improved extrac
Page 75 and 76: 2.8.1 Water and Suspended Solids In
Page 77 and 78:
sides of the St. Lawrence River. Le
Page 79 and 80:
volatile halocarbon and PAHs in wat
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of cores showed enrichment of lead,
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historical data on metals and organ
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ecovery of the Great Lakes from che
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5. Allan. R.J. 1986. The role of pa
Page 89 and 90:
Chau. Y.K.. P.T. Wong. C.A. Bengert
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Niagara Mer plume. National Water R
Page 93 and 94:
International Joint Commission. 198
Page 95 and 96:
Lum. K.R.. and K.L. Kaiser. 1986. O
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from lakes Superior, Huron, Erie an
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Nriagu, and M.S. Simmons. (eds.) To
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6. 6.1 AOC CCREM DOE FE GLWQA IJC M
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6.3 GLOSSARY Area of Concern: a geo
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Objective (water quality): a numeri
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9.0 - - 160 8.0 - - 140 - 7.0- E Q
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PCDD + PCDF TIME years 18 0 z Q I-
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HCB uWkg OCS ug/kg PCB ug/kg 0 1M)m
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TIME (years) 1930 1940 1950 1970 19
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*". 0 BHC ._. Total PCB's 4Ql Figur
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a - BHC 1 0 . 0 1 8.0 L m 2 .o Tota
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CB's, PCB's, Mirex Time (Years) 191
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TABLE 1. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE G
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TABLE 3. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Dry W
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TABLE 4. CONTINUED Testing % Chcmic
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4. Ollver and Nlcd 1982. Deposition
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TABLE 7. CONCENTRATIONS OF CONTAMIN
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TABLE 8. CONTINUED Twting % Chmical
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ND : not detected Sample : depth of
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TABLE 10. CONTINUED PCBs dis.
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- ND : not detected Sample : depth
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TABLE 12. CONTINUED Testing % Chmic
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1. DOE, USEPA. MOE & NYDEC 1988. Ml
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TABLE 13. CONTINUED Taating 0 Chemi
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ND : not detected Sample : depth of
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TABLE 15. CONTINUED Tuting Chemical
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TABLE 16. CONTINUED OCDD 1983 1 4.8
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This part of the
Page 156:
when a guideline to protect human h
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Mean conc
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Figure 32. Figure 33. Figure 34. Fi
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Historical
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Table 32. Table 33. Table 34. Table
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contributes significantly to the co
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portion of the fish analyzed. To de
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the Niagara River (Kauss et al., 19
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~~ - ~- ~ - ~ TABLE 3. INTER-LAKE C
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invertebrates for each lake and con
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TABLE 6: CONTINUED Organbm St. Lawm
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TABLE 6: CONTINUED Fluoranthene A 0
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fish are shown in Figure 3. In 1975
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2.2.1 lake Ontario Total PCBs Tempo
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Suns et al. (1985) determined mean
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~~~ Hexuchlorobenzene (HCB) Tempora
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TABLE 1 1. CONCENTRATIONSOFTOTALDDT
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TABLE 12. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF TO
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TABLE 14. MEANCONCENTRATIONSOFTOTAL
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TABLE 15. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF PC
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Dioxins and Furans Figure 16 and 17
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Spatial Distribution: The highest m
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TABLE 20. MEANCONCENTRATIONS OF TOT
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slightly higher in samples from sou
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DDT and Metabolites Temporal Trends
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in arsenic and selenium burdens in
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Chlordane In 1978-79, Chlordane bur
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TABLE 26. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF TO
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TABLE 28. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF ME
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a result, there are fish consumptio
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sucker from the Chippawa Channel of
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~~ TABLE 35. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF
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the closure of a nearby alkyl lead
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the St. Clair-Detroit River system,
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Maitland (St. Lawrence River) and C
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TABLE 42: CONTINUED Sf. Cklr- St. L
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contaminant burdens than those expo
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~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ TABLE a.
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TABLE 44: CONTAMINANTS ROUTINELY AN
Page 235 and 236:
ainbow trout, coho salmon, chinook
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TABLE 46: FISH CONTAMINANT ISSUES I
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Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
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7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are gratefid
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Eadie, B.J., W. Faust, W.S. Gardner
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Ontario Ministry of the Environment
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LAKE ONTARIO DIELDRIN P P M D A v W
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LAKE ONTARIO ARSENIC CADMIUM P P M
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LAKE HURON -+- LAwR ST- RIVER 0 DFO
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Cataraqui River A WoIfe Island Darl
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LAKE ONTARIO M : 2 T HUMBER RIVER P
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LAKE ONTARIO MIREX I 0.3 0.25 ? P P
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LAKE ONTARIO NIAGARA-ON-THE-LAKE HC
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LAKE ONTARIO DDT 2.5 2 P M w 1.5 E
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LAKE ONTARIO NIAGARA-ON-THE-LAKE DD
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LAKE ONTARIO 2,3,7,8-TCDD 50 40 P P
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LAKE ONTARIO NIAGARA-ON-THE-LAKE CH
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LAKE ONTARIO 06, .~ SELENIUM * 04-
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LAKE ERIE PCB 5 i - . ". 1977 1979
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LAKE ERIE LEAMINGTON PCB BIG CREEK
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LAKE ERIE DDT 0.7 P M E T 0.6 0.5 0
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LEAMINGTON DDT BIG CREEK DDT 0.25 0
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LAKE ERIE MERCURY 0.25 0.2 P P M w
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LAKE HURON DIELDRIN 0.16 0.14 I I P
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LAKE HURON p,p'-DDE 0.8 r P M W E W
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LAKE HURON MERCURY 0.25 0.2 P P M w
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eninsula Harbour Batchawana Bay Fig
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LAKE SUPERIOR DDT 0.5 0.4 P M w 0.3
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LAKE SUPERIOR MERCURY 0.35 0.3 P M
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LAKE MICHIGAN PCB 25 P P M 20 w l5
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LAKE MICHIGAN DDT 20 P P M 15 W E 1
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LAKE ST. CLAIR PIKE CREEK PCB PIKE
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Macdonnell Isl. L A W R E N C E R I
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ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MAITLAND ALKYL L
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WHOLE FISH PCB LEVELS LAKE TROUT (A
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LAKE ONTARIO PCB & DDT 6 5 P L 4 ..
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LAKE ONTARIO MIREX 0.8 0.5 I R E x
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70 P E E N A G E 60 50 40 30 20 /+"
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Levels of organochlorine contaminan
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY
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Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Fi
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Table 12. Table 13. Table 14. Table
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the fat required to produce the yol
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are provided to illustrate temporal
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production of this chemical and con
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the relatively short half-life calc
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show no apparent decrease from 1980
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Island from 0.22 to 0.06 ppm is sub
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2.9 DISCUSSION The temporal trends
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temporal trends at any one site. Da
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TABLE 2. CONTINUED LAKE ERIE 1972 1
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TABLE 2. CONTINUED NORTH CHANNEL 19
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3.4 LAKE SUPERIOR Less than 5% of t
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DDE residues were highest in eggs f
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TABLE 6. COMPARISON BETWEEN HISTORI
Page 355 and 356:
TABLE 8. HISTORICAL COMPARISON OF O
Page 357 and 358:
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
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8. MINK Mink are widely distributed
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these wild populations experienced
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~~~ TABLE 12. MEAN ORGANOCHLORINE C
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Lake Ontario such as those in Coote
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doubled in 1988 as compared to 1984
Page 369 and 370:
TABLE 16. SUMMARYOFPCBANDDDECONCENT
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12. REFERENCES Bishop, CA. 1989. Th
Page 373 and 374:
Morris, RA., RA. Hunter and J.F. Mc
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LAKE ONTARIO PCB CONCENTRATIONS 100
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LAKE ONTARIO DIELDRIN CONCENTRATION
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NIAGARA RIVER DIELDRIN CONCENTRATIO
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LAKE ERIE MIREX CONCENTRATIONS 1.4
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DETROIT RIVER PCB CONCENTRATIONS OD
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LAKE HURON E PCB CONCENTRATIONS 80
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HURON MIREX CONCENTRATIONS 46. 4. 3
Page 390 and 391:
LAKE HURON DIELDRIN CONCENTRATIONS
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LAKE MICHIGAN E PCB CONCENTRATIONS
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LAKE MICHIGAN DIELDRIN CONCENTRATIO
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LAKE SUPERIOR MIREX CONCENTRATIONS
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Dieldrin (ppm wet wt.) 2 .oo 1.60 1
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TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE GREAT LAKES
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Exposure to lead in soil is particu
Page 407 and 408:
LIST OF TABLES Pathways of Human Ex
Page 409 and 410:
Table 3.3~ Residue levels in human
Page 412 and 413:
1. 1.1 OVERVIEW Over their lifetime
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2. 2.1 PATHWAYS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE T
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(unpublished) have estimated that t
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14.1 ppm (Frank et al., 1976). Weis
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of areolar (connective) tissue and
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3.2 BLOOD Blood is not often used f
Page 424 and 425:
1984; Macpherson, 1987). Quality co
Page 426 and 427:
in children. An extensive study of
Page 428 and 429:
the two women ranged from 0.55 to 4
Page 430 and 431:
4. CONCLUSIONS 1. Residents of the
Page 432 and 433:
6. REFERENCES Armstrong.V.C..M.G. H
Page 434 and 435:
Geyer, H.. I. Scheunert and F. Kort
Page 436 and 437:
Mes, J. and D.J. Davies. 1979. Pres
Page 438:
Weis, I.M. and G.F. Barclay. 1985.
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PATHWAYS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TOXIC
Page 444:
Table 2.1 b Canadian Dietary Intake
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a G: a 1 Table 2.2a Cbdcrl Yam8 N X
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~ Table 2.2~ Residue Levels in Wate
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PATHWAYS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TOXIC
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Table 2.3b SAql. hCAt ion Ontario O
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Table 2.3d Residue Levels in Ambien
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Table 3.1 a -1. Loastion 1.1. OEtUi
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220 ~ 162 ~ 85 Table 3.ld Residuele
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Table 3.1 f ResidueLevelsinHumanAdi
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~ -1. Iautioa 1.1. Ontario 1.1. Ont
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?rank Table 3.1 k Suple Loution SD
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Coogrnor Y0.r Colloctod N Rofrrencw
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Table 3.1 t 8. Ontario 8. Ontario 8
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HUMAN TISSUE DATA: BLOOD
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Table 3.2~ Residue Levels in Human
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i m h I U P U I I h P I - w m d d .
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e h Table 3.3e Residue levels in Hu
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w w d d $. .. - w w w r r ~ r w w w
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~ 7, Table 3.31 Residue Levels in H
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Table 3.3k Residue Levels in Human
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Table 3.3q Residue Levels in Human
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HUMAN TISSUE DATA: OTHER TISSUES
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Table 3.4a Continued x itap0rt.d nm
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Table 3.4 Residue Levels in Human L
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