3 - International Joint Commission

More documents

Recommendations

Info

determined the period of maximum cadmium input to be in the late 1960s. Measurable amounts of PCBs were detected in a core at 3-4 cm depth (Swackhammer and Armstrong, 1986). This corresponds to a period from 1920 to 1950 and indicates that inputs to the lake began soon after commercial sales of PCBs started in the U.S. in 1929. The largest loadings to the sediments took place between 1960 and the early 1970s. Sediment cores have also shown that the initial inputs of dioxins and furans to Lake Michigan began around 1940 (Czuczwa and Hites, 1986). 2.3 LAKE HURON The surface area of W e Huron is 59,600 km2. By volume, it is the seventh largest lake in the world and the third largest Great Lake at 3,540 km’. Its drainage basin is 134,100 km2. The maximum depth is 229 m and water retention time is 22 years. The major inflows are the Straits of Mackinac and the St. Maqs River, followed by the Mississagi, Saginaw, French and Spanish Rivers. It discharges to the St. Clair River. Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula divide the body of the lake from the North Channel and Georgian Bay, respectively. The lake is used for both cornmercial and recreational fishing. In 1978, the catchment area was mainly natural landscape. Toxic chemical inputs come from municipal point sources, combined sewer overflows, rural and urban nonpoint sources, leachates from municipal and hazardous waste landfill disposal sites and from the atmosphere. Problems related to industrial sources are most apparent in industrialized harbours and embayments such as Saginaw Bay. Saginaw Bay extends 82 km from the main body of the lake. The city of Saginaw is at the head of the bay and on the Saginaw River. It was historically a lumbering centre and now supports agriculture and diversified manufacturing. The bay is used for commercial fishing and summer recreation. The other large bay on Lake Huron is Georgian Bay, which is 190 km long and 80 km wide. The surrounding area is mainly forested although there is some agriculture in the south. There are several important commercial shipping ports located on Georgian Bay. 2.3.1 Water and Suspended Solids Data on concentrations of contaminants in Lake Huron water are 27
summarised in Table 8. Rossmann (1983) reviewed toxic metal concentrations in Lake Huron. He compared his 1980 lead data to those from previous studies and concluded that there was a downward trend in dissolved lead concentrations. Data on mercury, cadmium and arsenic prior to 1980 could not be used to establish trends. In 1980, concentrations of dissolved cadmium in Lake Huron were significantly lower than those of Lakes Erie and Michigan and there was no significant difference between the Lake Huron levels and those of Lakes Superior and Ontario (Rossmann and Barres, 1988). Total cadmium levels were significantly less than in Lakes Erie and Ontario. In Saginaw Bay, very limited data from 1985 suggest that lead and cadmium concentrations in the water column were at or below levels measured in 1976- 1978 (IJC. 1987a). The 1980 dissolved arsenic levels in Lake Huron were significantly lower than those of Lakes Michigan, Ontario and Superior but not significantly different from levels in Lake Erie (Rossmann and Barres, 1988). The median concentration of total arsenic in Lake Huron was significantly lower than that of Lake Michigan but not significantly different from that of Lake Erie. Concentrations of toxic organic chemicals in Lake Huron water are summarised in Table 8. In 1974 and 1975, concentrations of DDT in Saginaw Bay exceeded the GLWQA objective of 3.0 ppt. However, all subsequent reported concentrations were substantially below the objective level (Kreis and Rice, 1985). In a review of historical data, Kreis and Rice (1985) found that all concentrations for the sum of dieldrin-aldrin were below the GLWQA objective concentration of 1 .O ppt. A single concentration of 0.5 ppt had been reported for Lake Huron in 1975, considerably below the GLWQA objective of 10.0 ppt. The IJC (1981) reported that toxaphene levels in water from Lake Superior and Lake Huron ranged from 0.1 to 1 .O ppt. In Lake Huron the highest PCB concentration (191 ppt) was observed in 1979 at Harbour Beach, Michigan (Anderson et aL, 1982). The highest PCB concentrations measured in 1980 were in the North Channel (1.56 ppt) and Georgian Bay (1.17 ppt)(Filkins and Smith, 1982). In 1980, a survey of toxic metal concentrations in suspended solids was conducted in Lake Huron (Rossmann, 1982) (Table 8). Particulate lead levels were somewhat lower in the southern part of the lake and in Georgian Bay than in the rest of the lake. The highest particulate cadmium concentra-
Page 2 and 3: TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE GREAT LAKES
Page 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I Contamin
Page 7 and 8: C. Bishop R.W. Brecher W.D. Clement
Page 10: TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE GREAT LAKES
Page 13 and 14: Detroit River corridor and the Niag
Page 15 and 16: 3 . CONCLUSIONS ...................
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1 . Physical f
Page 19 and 20: the Great Lakes show sediment conce
Page 21 and 22: chemicals in the lakes is also gove
Page 23 and 24: Lakes Ontario and Huron (Thomas, 19
Page 25 and 26: tions of chemicals in water and sus
Page 27 and 28: 2.1 Lake Superior has the largest s
Page 29 and 30: esult of analytical artifacts. The
Page 31 and 32: trations in Great Lakes sediments i
Page 33 and 34: of the lake has been more severe th
Page 35: total DDT in surficial lake bottom
Page 39 and 40: cadmium in embayments. The highest
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 ST. CLAIR RIVER/LAKE ST. CLAlR/
Page 43 and 44: greater (90%) at the head of the ri
Page 45 and 46: higher in the Detroit River than in
Page 47 and 48: The main source, was the Dow chlor-
Page 49 and 50: were 21 ppb (top 1 cm) and 5 ppb fo
Page 51 and 52: smallest by volume and also the sha
Page 53 and 54: There are limited data available on
Page 55 and 56: indicating a retention of some psll
Page 57 and 58: of 9.1 ppb (range 4.6 - 17 ppb); 2.
Page 59 and 60: industries. The large petrochemical
Page 61 and 62: fractions or both in 1984/86 and 19
Page 63 and 64: epoxide, and endosulphan (DOE and M
Page 65 and 66: sources (DOE and MOE, 1981). Mercur
Page 67 and 68: and a larger section joining the ea
Page 69 and 70: in Lakes Ontario and Erie were sign
Page 71 and 72: sampling techniques were used. Back
Page 73 and 74: probably because of improved extrac
Page 75 and 76: 2.8.1 Water and Suspended Solids In
Page 77 and 78: sides of the St. Lawrence River. Le
Page 79 and 80: volatile halocarbon and PAHs in wat
Page 81 and 82: of cores showed enrichment of lead,
Page 83 and 84: historical data on metals and organ
Page 85 and 86: ecovery of the Great Lakes from che
Page 87 and 88:
5. Allan. R.J. 1986. The role of pa
Page 89 and 90:
Chau. Y.K.. P.T. Wong. C.A. Bengert
Page 91 and 92:
Niagara Mer plume. National Water R
Page 93 and 94:
International Joint Commission. 198
Page 95 and 96:
Lum. K.R.. and K.L. Kaiser. 1986. O
Page 97 and 98:
from lakes Superior, Huron, Erie an
Page 99 and 100:
Nriagu, and M.S. Simmons. (eds.) To
Page 101 and 102:
6. 6.1 AOC CCREM DOE FE GLWQA IJC M
Page 103 and 104:
6.3 GLOSSARY Area of Concern: a geo
Page 105:
Objective (water quality): a numeri
Page 109 and 110:
9.0 - - 160 8.0 - - 140 - 7.0- E Q
Page 111 and 112:
PCDD + PCDF TIME years 18 0 z Q I-
Page 113 and 114:
HCB uWkg OCS ug/kg PCB ug/kg 0 1M)m
Page 115 and 116:
TIME (years) 1930 1940 1950 1970 19
Page 117 and 118:
*". 0 BHC ._. Total PCB's 4Ql Figur
Page 119 and 120:
a - BHC 1 0 . 0 1 8.0 L m 2 .o Tota
Page 121 and 122:
CB's, PCB's, Mirex Time (Years) 191
Page 123 and 124:
TABLE 1. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE G
Page 125 and 126:
TABLE 3. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Dry W
Page 127 and 128:
TABLE 4. CONTINUED Testing % Chcmic
Page 129 and 130:
4. Ollver and Nlcd 1982. Deposition
Page 131 and 132:
TABLE 7. CONCENTRATIONS OF CONTAMIN
Page 133 and 134:
TABLE 8. CONTINUED Twting % Chmical
Page 135 and 136:
ND : not detected Sample : depth of
Page 137 and 138:
TABLE 10. CONTINUED PCBs dis.
Page 139 and 140:
- ND : not detected Sample : depth
Page 141 and 142:
TABLE 12. CONTINUED Testing % Chmic
Page 143 and 144:
1. DOE, USEPA. MOE & NYDEC 1988. Ml
Page 145 and 146:
TABLE 13. CONTINUED Taating 0 Chemi
Page 147 and 148:
ND : not detected Sample : depth of
Page 149 and 150:
TABLE 15. CONTINUED Tuting Chemical
Page 151 and 152:
TABLE 16. CONTINUED OCDD 1983 1 4.8
Page 154 and 155:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This part of the
Page 156:
when a guideline to protect human h
Page 159 and 160:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Mean conc
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 32. Figure 33. Figure 34. Fi
Page 163 and 164:
LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Historical
Page 165 and 166:
Table 32. Table 33. Table 34. Table
Page 167 and 168:
contributes significantly to the co
Page 169 and 170:
portion of the fish analyzed. To de
Page 171 and 172:
the Niagara River (Kauss et al., 19
Page 173 and 174:
~~ - ~- ~ - ~ TABLE 3. INTER-LAKE C
Page 175 and 176:
invertebrates for each lake and con
Page 177 and 178:
TABLE 6: CONTINUED Organbm St. Lawm
Page 179 and 180:
TABLE 6: CONTINUED Fluoranthene A 0
Page 181 and 182:
fish are shown in Figure 3. In 1975
Page 183 and 184:
2.2.1 lake Ontario Total PCBs Tempo
Page 185 and 186:
Suns et al. (1985) determined mean
Page 187 and 188:
~~~ Hexuchlorobenzene (HCB) Tempora
Page 189 and 190:
TABLE 1 1. CONCENTRATIONSOFTOTALDDT
Page 191 and 192:
TABLE 12. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF TO
Page 193 and 194:
TABLE 14. MEANCONCENTRATIONSOFTOTAL
Page 195 and 196:
TABLE 15. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF PC
Page 197 and 198:
Dioxins and Furans Figure 16 and 17
Page 199 and 200:
Spatial Distribution: The highest m
Page 201 and 202:
TABLE 20. MEANCONCENTRATIONS OF TOT
Page 203 and 204:
slightly higher in samples from sou
Page 205 and 206:
DDT and Metabolites Temporal Trends
Page 207 and 208:
in arsenic and selenium burdens in
Page 209 and 210:
Chlordane In 1978-79, Chlordane bur
Page 211 and 212:
TABLE 26. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF TO
Page 213 and 214:
TABLE 28. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF ME
Page 215 and 216:
a result, there are fish consumptio
Page 217 and 218:
sucker from the Chippawa Channel of
Page 219 and 220:
~~ TABLE 35. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF
Page 221 and 222:
the closure of a nearby alkyl lead
Page 223 and 224:
the St. Clair-Detroit River system,
Page 225 and 226:
Maitland (St. Lawrence River) and C
Page 227 and 228:
TABLE 42: CONTINUED Sf. Cklr- St. L
Page 229 and 230:
contaminant burdens than those expo
Page 231 and 232:
~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ TABLE a.
Page 233 and 234:
TABLE 44: CONTAMINANTS ROUTINELY AN
Page 235 and 236:
ainbow trout, coho salmon, chinook
Page 237 and 238:
TABLE 46: FISH CONTAMINANT ISSUES I
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are gratefid
Page 247 and 248:
Eadie, B.J., W. Faust, W.S. Gardner
Page 249 and 250:
Ontario Ministry of the Environment
Page 251 and 252:
LAKE ONTARIO DIELDRIN P P M D A v W
Page 253 and 254:
LAKE ONTARIO ARSENIC CADMIUM P P M
Page 255 and 256:
LAKE HURON -+- LAwR ST- RIVER 0 DFO
Page 257 and 258:
Cataraqui River A WoIfe Island Darl
Page 259 and 260:
LAKE ONTARIO M : 2 T HUMBER RIVER P
Page 261 and 262:
LAKE ONTARIO MIREX I 0.3 0.25 ? P P
Page 263 and 264:
LAKE ONTARIO NIAGARA-ON-THE-LAKE HC
Page 265 and 266:
LAKE ONTARIO DDT 2.5 2 P M w 1.5 E
Page 267 and 268:
LAKE ONTARIO NIAGARA-ON-THE-LAKE DD
Page 269 and 270:
LAKE ONTARIO 2,3,7,8-TCDD 50 40 P P
Page 271 and 272:
LAKE ONTARIO NIAGARA-ON-THE-LAKE CH
Page 273 and 274:
LAKE ONTARIO 06, .~ SELENIUM * 04-
Page 275 and 276:
LAKE ERIE PCB 5 i - . ". 1977 1979
Page 277 and 278:
LAKE ERIE LEAMINGTON PCB BIG CREEK
Page 279 and 280:
LAKE ERIE DDT 0.7 P M E T 0.6 0.5 0
Page 281 and 282:
LEAMINGTON DDT BIG CREEK DDT 0.25 0
Page 283 and 284:
LAKE ERIE MERCURY 0.25 0.2 P P M w
Page 286 and 287:
LAKE HURON DIELDRIN 0.16 0.14 I I P
Page 288 and 289:
LAKE HURON p,p'-DDE 0.8 r P M W E W
Page 290 and 291:
LAKE HURON MERCURY 0.25 0.2 P P M w
Page 292 and 293:
eninsula Harbour Batchawana Bay Fig
Page 294 and 295:
LAKE SUPERIOR DDT 0.5 0.4 P M w 0.3
Page 296 and 297:
LAKE SUPERIOR MERCURY 0.35 0.3 P M
Page 298 and 299:
LAKE MICHIGAN PCB 25 P P M 20 w l5
Page 300 and 301:
LAKE MICHIGAN DDT 20 P P M 15 W E 1
Page 303 and 304:
LAKE ST. CLAIR PIKE CREEK PCB PIKE
Page 306 and 307:
Macdonnell Isl. L A W R E N C E R I
Page 308 and 309:
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MAITLAND ALKYL L
Page 310 and 311:
WHOLE FISH PCB LEVELS LAKE TROUT (A
Page 312 and 313:
LAKE ONTARIO PCB & DDT 6 5 P L 4 ..
Page 314 and 315:
LAKE ONTARIO MIREX 0.8 0.5 I R E x
Page 316:
70 P E E N A G E 60 50 40 30 20 /+"
Page 320 and 321:
Levels of organochlorine contaminan
Page 322 and 323:
TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY
Page 324 and 325:
Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Fi
Page 326:
Table 12. Table 13. Table 14. Table
Page 329 and 330:
the fat required to produce the yol
Page 331 and 332:
are provided to illustrate temporal
Page 333 and 334:
production of this chemical and con
Page 335 and 336:
the relatively short half-life calc
Page 337 and 338:
show no apparent decrease from 1980
Page 339 and 340:
Island from 0.22 to 0.06 ppm is sub
Page 341 and 342:
2.9 DISCUSSION The temporal trends
Page 343 and 344:
temporal trends at any one site. Da
Page 345 and 346:
TABLE 2. CONTINUED LAKE ERIE 1972 1
Page 347 and 348:
TABLE 2. CONTINUED NORTH CHANNEL 19
Page 349 and 350:
3.4 LAKE SUPERIOR Less than 5% of t
Page 351 and 352:
DDE residues were highest in eggs f
Page 353 and 354:
TABLE 6. COMPARISON BETWEEN HISTORI
Page 355 and 356:
TABLE 8. HISTORICAL COMPARISON OF O
Page 357 and 358:
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Page 359 and 360:
8. MINK Mink are widely distributed
Page 361 and 362:
these wild populations experienced
Page 363 and 364:
~~~ TABLE 12. MEAN ORGANOCHLORINE C
Page 365 and 366:
Lake Ontario such as those in Coote
Page 367 and 368:
doubled in 1988 as compared to 1984
Page 369 and 370:
TABLE 16. SUMMARYOFPCBANDDDECONCENT
Page 371 and 372:
12. REFERENCES Bishop, CA. 1989. Th
Page 373 and 374:
Morris, RA., RA. Hunter and J.F. Mc
Page 376 and 377:
LAKE ONTARIO PCB CONCENTRATIONS 100
Page 378 and 379:
LAKE ONTARIO DIELDRIN CONCENTRATION
Page 380 and 381:
NIAGARA RIVER DIELDRIN CONCENTRATIO
Page 382 and 383:
LAKE ERIE MIREX CONCENTRATIONS 1.4
Page 384 and 385:
DETROIT RIVER PCB CONCENTRATIONS OD
Page 386 and 387:
LAKE HURON E PCB CONCENTRATIONS 80
Page 388 and 389:
HURON MIREX CONCENTRATIONS 46. 4. 3
Page 390 and 391:
LAKE HURON DIELDRIN CONCENTRATIONS
Page 392 and 393:
LAKE MICHIGAN E PCB CONCENTRATIONS
Page 394 and 395:
LAKE MICHIGAN DIELDRIN CONCENTRATIO
Page 396 and 397:
LAKE SUPERIOR MIREX CONCENTRATIONS
Page 399:
Dieldrin (ppm wet wt.) 2 .oo 1.60 1
Page 402:
TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE GREAT LAKES
Page 405 and 406:
Exposure to lead in soil is particu
Page 407 and 408:
LIST OF TABLES Pathways of Human Ex
Page 409 and 410:
Table 3.3~ Residue levels in human
Page 412 and 413:
1. 1.1 OVERVIEW Over their lifetime
Page 414 and 415:
2. 2.1 PATHWAYS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE T
Page 416 and 417:
(unpublished) have estimated that t
Page 418 and 419:
14.1 ppm (Frank et al., 1976). Weis
Page 420 and 421:
of areolar (connective) tissue and
Page 422 and 423:
3.2 BLOOD Blood is not often used f
Page 424 and 425:
1984; Macpherson, 1987). Quality co
Page 426 and 427:
in children. An extensive study of
Page 428 and 429:
the two women ranged from 0.55 to 4
Page 430 and 431:
4. CONCLUSIONS 1. Residents of the
Page 432 and 433:
6. REFERENCES Armstrong.V.C..M.G. H
Page 434 and 435:
Geyer, H.. I. Scheunert and F. Kort
Page 436 and 437:
Mes, J. and D.J. Davies. 1979. Pres
Page 438:
Weis, I.M. and G.F. Barclay. 1985.
Page 442 and 443:
PATHWAYS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TOXIC
Page 444:
Table 2.1 b Canadian Dietary Intake
Page 447 and 448:
a G: a 1 Table 2.2a Cbdcrl Yam8 N X
Page 449 and 450:
~ Table 2.2~ Residue Levels in Wate
Page 452 and 453:
PATHWAYS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TOXIC
Page 454 and 455:
Table 2.3b SAql. hCAt ion Ontario O
Page 456:
Table 2.3d Residue Levels in Ambien
Page 459 and 460:
Table 3.1 a -1. Loastion 1.1. OEtUi
Page 461 and 462:
220 ~ 162 ~ 85 Table 3.ld Residuele
Page 463 and 464:
Table 3.1 f ResidueLevelsinHumanAdi
Page 465 and 466:
~ -1. Iautioa 1.1. Ontario 1.1. Ont
Page 467 and 468:
?rank Table 3.1 k Suple Loution SD
Page 469 and 470:
Coogrnor Y0.r Colloctod N Rofrrencw
Page 471 and 472:
Table 3.1 t 8. Ontario 8. Ontario 8
Page 474 and 475:
HUMAN TISSUE DATA: BLOOD
Page 476:
Table 3.2~ Residue Levels in Human
Page 479 and 480:
i m h I U P U I I h P I - w m d d .
Page 481 and 482:
e h Table 3.3e Residue levels in Hu
Page 483 and 484:
w w d d $. .. - w w w r r ~ r w w w
Page 485 and 486:
~ 7, Table 3.31 Residue Levels in H
Page 487 and 488:
Table 3.3k Residue Levels in Human
Page 489 and 490:
Table 3.3q Residue Levels in Human
Page 492 and 493:
HUMAN TISSUE DATA: OTHER TISSUES
Page 494 and 495:
Table 3.4a Continued x itap0rt.d nm
Page 496:
Table 3.4 Residue Levels in Human L
show all

3 - International Joint Commission

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?