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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I Contaminant Levels and Trends Authors and contributors. . I . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I I . v Introduction , , , , , , . , , , . . , . . , . , , . , . , . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , , , vii Part 1, Concentrations of contaminants in water and sediments . . . , . 1 2. Concentrations of contaminants in aquatic biota . . , . . , . . . . 143 3. Concentrations of contaminants in wildlife species . . . . , . . . . . ,309 4. Concentrations of contaminants in humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,393 Appendix ..................................................... 488 VOLUME II Effects 2. Effects of contaminants on wildlife species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553 3. Effects of contaminants on human health . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . ,639 4.Synthesis ............................................... 743 Appendix ..................................................... 755 iii
Page 2 and 3: TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE GREAT LAKES
Page 6 and 7: AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS The Steeri
Page 8: INTRODUCTION The increased commerci
Page 12 and 13: This part of the report reviews the
Page 14 and 15: TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY
Page 16 and 17: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The Great
Page 18 and 19: 1. The Great Lakes constitute the l
Page 20 and 21: sediments of the Niagara River (Mud
Page 22 and 23: Canada are based on unfiltered wate
Page 24 and 25: suspended particulates. Previously,
Page 26 and 27: 2. TOXIC CHEMICALS IN WATER, SUSPEN
Page 28 and 29: significantly different from concen
Page 30 and 31: Superior wastratified. the fraction
Page 32 and 33: egan to increase at a depth corresp
Page 34 and 35: samples collected in 1968 and analy
Page 36 and 37: determined the period of maximum ca
Page 38 and 39: tions were found in Georgian Bay an
Page 40 and 41: minimum detection level to a maximu
Page 42 and 43: River, There are many industrial ou
Page 44 and 45: example, the highest total levels o
Page 46 and 47: 1.5 to 0.6 ppm. mean DDT from 3.6 t
Page 48 and 49: ppb between 1970 and 1974. The high
Page 50 and 51: and Horvath, 1985). This was though
Page 52 and 53: cannot be taken as evidence of a de
Page 54 and 55:
in the aqueous phase. Between 1981
Page 56 and 57:
ppm in harbours (Fitchko and Hutchi
Page 58 and 59:
from Lake Erie indicate that there
Page 60 and 61:
Further study concluded that 61 of
Page 62 and 63:
important in establishing long term
Page 64 and 65:
tions of alpha-BHC and lindane in t
Page 66 and 67:
Above the falls there are some area
Page 68 and 69:
the aqueous phase, with an average
Page 70 and 71:
In 1981, Sandilands and Mudroch (19
Page 72 and 73:
Rochester and Kingston Basins to be
Page 74 and 75:
Oliver and Nicol’s (1982) core sh
Page 76 and 77:
PCBs concentrations of 20 to 70 ppt
Page 78 and 79:
3. CONCLUSIONS The most heavily con
Page 80 and 81:
the sediments from high levels in t
Page 82 and 83:
chlorobenzenes and alpha-BHC were h
Page 84 and 85:
source of chemicals for biota which
Page 86 and 87:
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This review is
Page 88 and 89:
Brooksbank. M.G. 1987. Control and
Page 90 and 91:
Aquatic Pollutants. Advances in Che
Page 92 and 93:
Niagara River from U.S. hazardous w
Page 94 and 95:
Konasewich, D., W.J. Traversy, and
Page 96 and 97:
Mudroch. A. and D.J. Williams. 1989
Page 98 and 99:
Rodgers, P.W.. and W.R. Swain. 1983
Page 100 and 101:
Thomas, RL., J-M Jaquet. and A. Mud
Page 102 and 103:
6.2 * 2.3.7.8-TCDD * 2.3.7.8-TCDF A
Page 104 and 105:
Dredging Guidelines: procedural dir
Page 107:
0 00 V 0 0 SJ 0 € ui c C
Page 110 and 111:
TIME (years) 1900 1950 1980 l00 ? 9
Page 112 and 113:
1.000-2.000 2.000-3.000 m >3.000 ME
Page 114 and 115:
Cadmium, PPm Figwe 9 Cd in surfid~I
Page 116 and 117:
ON -THE- LAKE SCA PIPELINE DISCHARG
Page 118 and 119:
NQI mr NCN ml u. RBI MIREX Total PC
Page 120 and 121:
LAKE ONTARIO Km BURL ONTARIO 1 nwtn
Page 122 and 123:
DDT PCB's , . .". -.. \ I W&R CANAD
Page 124 and 125:
TABLE 2. WATER QUALITY AGREEMENT OB
Page 126 and 127:
TABLE 4. CONCENTRATIONS OF CONTAMIN
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
TABLE 10. CONCENTRATIONS OF CONTAMI
Page 138 and 139:
~~ TABLE 1 1. CONCENTRATIONS OF CON
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
TABLE 12. CONTINUED ch.mical Sampl.
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152:
TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE GREAT LAKES
Page 155 and 156:
an equilibrium. Despite the reducti
Page 158 and 159:
TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY
Page 160 and 161:
Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Fi
Page 162 and 163:
Figure 48 . Figure 49 . Figure 50 .
Page 164 and 165:
Table 17. Table 18. Table 19. Table
Page 166 and 167:
1. This part of the report discusse
Page 168 and 169:
in the basin are not intended to pr
Page 170 and 171:
2. 2.1 CONCENTRATIONS OF CONTAMINAN
Page 172 and 173:
TABLE 1. HISTORICAL CONCENTRATIONS
Page 174 and 175:
TABLE 4. INTER-LAKE COMPARISON OF C
Page 176 and 177:
TABLE 6 SUMMARY OF CONTAMINANTS DET
Page 178 and 179:
TABLE 6: CONTINUED Organlrm St.lawn
Page 180 and 181:
2.2 Fish are excellent indicators o
Page 182 and 183:
these analyse ‘skin-on’ samples
Page 184 and 185:
Spatial Distribution: The spatial d
Page 186 and 187:
TABLE 8. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF MIR
Page 188 and 189:
TABLE 10. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF HC
Page 190 and 191:
Spatial Distribution: Total DDT has
Page 192 and 193:
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (
Page 194 and 195:
Other Contaminants Some of the data
Page 196 and 197:
the minimum detection limit. DDT an
Page 198 and 199:
TABLE 17. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF CH
Page 200 and 201:
Spatial Distribution: PCB residues
Page 202 and 203:
~ TABLE 21. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF
Page 204 and 205:
Spatial Distribution: A 1983 survey
Page 206 and 207:
Dioxins and Furans Mean levels of t
Page 208 and 209:
Dieldrin From 1969 to 1978, dieldri
Page 210 and 211:
TABLE 25. CONCENTRATIONS OF TOTAL P
Page 212 and 213:
__ industrial chemical facilities.
Page 214 and 215:
TABLE 29. MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF CH
Page 216 and 217:
Dioxins and Furans Levels of PCDFs
Page 218 and 219:
DDT and Metabolites DDT burdens in
Page 220 and 221:
~~ background levels for the area.
Page 222 and 223:
TABLE 40. REGIONAL MEANS OF CONCENT
Page 224 and 225:
Ontario and Superior have decreased
Page 226 and 227:
TABLE 42: SUMMARY OF OTHERCONTAMINA
Page 228 and 229:
3. BIOACCUMULATION, BlOMAGNlFlCATlO
Page 230 and 231:
4. FISH CONSUMPTION GUIDELINES AND
Page 232 and 233:
TABLE ,43. CONTINUED 1982 0.05 f 0.
Page 234 and 235:
GLWQA specific objectives for whole
Page 236 and 237:
6. FISH CONTAMINATION IN AREAS OF C
Page 238 and 239:
fABLE 46: FISH CONTAMINANT ISSUES I
Page 240 and 241:
TABLE 46: FISH CONTAMINANT ISSUES I
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
8. REFERENCES Adams. W.J. and H.E.
Page 248 and 249:
International Joint Commission (IJC
Page 250 and 251:
Whittle, D.M. 1985a. Great Lakes zo
Page 252 and 253:
LAKE ONTARIO TOTAL DDT 0.7 p 0.6 P
Page 254 and 255:
LAKE ONTARIO MERCURY LEAD "". . . 1
Page 256 and 257:
LAKE ONTARIO PCB 7 T 6 p 5 P M ....
Page 258 and 259:
LAKE ONTARIO NIAGARA-ON-THE-LAKE PC
Page 260 and 261:
LAKE ONTARIO CREDIT RIVER PCB 12 10
Page 262 and 263:
LAKE ONTARIO NIAGARA-ON-THE-LAKE MI
Page 264 and 265:
LAKE ONTARIO DIELDRIN 0.25 0.2 P M
Page 266 and 267:
LAKE ONTARIO p,p’-DDE 1.8 1.6 T 1
Page 268 and 269:
LAKE ONTARIO TWELVE MILE CREEK DDT
Page 270 and 271:
Figure 16 Whole Fish Total PCDD (pp
Page 272 and 273:
LAKE ONTARIO 1 MERCURY 0.25 0.2 P P
Page 274 and 275:
LAKE ONTARIO 14r--"--- ZINC " Figur
Page 276 and 277:
Port Colborne Port Stanley Port Row
Page 278 and 279:
LAKE ERIE DIELDRIN 0.16 0.14 P P M
Page 280 and 281:
..~ LAKE ERIE pIp'-DDE 0.5 0.4 P M
Page 282 and 283:
LAKE ERIE LEAD 0.25 . _" __ "" 0.2
Page 284:
LAKE HURON PCB 2.5 2 P M w 1.5 E T
Page 287 and 288:
LAKE HURON DDT 1.2 1 I I 0.1 pprn P
Page 289 and 290:
LAKE HURON CHLORDANE 0.07 0.06 P M
Page 291 and 292:
LAKE SUPERIOR PCB 2.5 2 P P M W 1.5
Page 293 and 294:
LAKE SUPERIOR DIELDRIN 0.1 0.08 P P
Page 295 and 296:
LAKE SUPERIOR P,PQDE 0.35 0.3 . P M
Page 297 and 298:
LAKE SUPERIOR CHLORDANE 0.5 0.4 P P
Page 299 and 300:
LAKE MICHIGAN DIELDRIN 0.6 0.5 P P
Page 301:
LAKE MICHIGAN CHLORDANE 0.5 0.4 P P
Page 304:
LAKE ST. CLAIR MERCURY 2.5 2 P P M
Page 307 and 308:
ST. LAWRENCERIVER LAKE ST. FRANCIS
Page 309 and 310:
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MAITLAND LEAD 19
Page 311 and 312:
WHOLE FISH DDT LEVELS LAKE TROUT (A
Page 313 and 314:
LAKE ONTARIO PCB DDT 10 20 3 P 8 C
Page 315 and 316:
100 P E R C E N T A G E 80 60 40 20
Page 318:
TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE GREAT LAKES
Page 321 and 322:
use of these chemicals. Compliance
Page 323 and 324:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Figure 2.
Page 325 and 326:
LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Table 2. Ta
Page 328 and 329:
1. Several wildlife species in the
Page 330 and 331:
2. The herring gull is an indicator
Page 332 and 333:
a similar pattern and have levelled
Page 334 and 335:
at approximately 0.2 ppm (Figure 6)
Page 336 and 337:
Gull eggs from Fighting Island have
Page 338 and 339:
HCB levels in eggs from the Big Sis
Page 340 and 341:
~~~ ~ TABLE 1. LAKE ONTARIO SNAKE I
Page 342 and 343:
3. Double-crested cormorants first
Page 344 and 345:
TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF ORGANOCHLORINE
Page 346 and 347:
TABLE 2. CONTINUED GEORGIAN BAY 197
Page 348 and 349:
TABLE 2. CONTINUED West Island PCBs
Page 350 and 351:
4. CASPIAN TERN The Caspian tern is
Page 352 and 353:
5. COMMON TERN Eggs were collected
Page 354 and 355:
6. BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON Contam
Page 356 and 357:
7. The bald eagle population in the
Page 358 and 359:
TABLE 9. CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANOCH
Page 360 and 361:
Liver PCB concentrations ranged fro
Page 362 and 363:
9. COMMON SNAPPING TURTLE The commo
Page 364 and 365:
~~~~ ~ ~~ TABLE 13. MEAN ORGANOCHLO
Page 366 and 367:
TABLE 14. MEAN ORGANOCHLORINE CONCE
Page 368 and 369:
10. DISCUSSION Monitoring of wildli
Page 370 and 371:
11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to tha
Page 372 and 373:
Gilbertson. M. 1983. Etiology of ch
Page 374:
Struger. J.. J.E. Elliott, M.E. Obb
Page 377 and 378:
LAKE ONTARIO MfREX CONCENTRATlONS 1
Page 379 and 380:
NIAGARA RIVER PCB CONCENTRATIONS -"
Page 381 and 382:
LAKE ERIE E PCB CONCENTRATIONS DDE
Page 383 and 384:
LAKE ERIE L 0.e DIELDRIN CONCENTRAT
Page 385 and 386:
DETROIT RIVER DIELDRIN CONCENTRATIO
Page 387 and 388:
LAKE HURON DDE CONCENTRATIONS 40 36
Page 389 and 390:
LAKE HURON HCB CONCENTRATIONS '74 7
Page 391 and 392:
LAKE HURON TCDD CONCENTRATIONS 2ook
Page 393 and 394:
LAKE MICHIGAN MIREX CONCENTRATIONS
Page 395 and 396:
LAKE SUPERIOR CPCB CONCENTRATIONS 8
Page 397:
LAKE SUPERIOR DIELDRIN CONCENTRATIO
Page 401 and 402:
"- % Algonquin P Thurso Bouchervill
Page 404 and 405:
Over their lifetime, residents of t
Page 406 and 407:
TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY
Page 408 and 409:
Table 3. lh Residue levels in human
Page 410:
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS A
Page 413 and 414:
Few studies presented raw data, suc
Page 415 and 416:
family food expenditure in Canada (
Page 417 and 418:
outes are steam inhalation during b
Page 419 and 420:
3. Many toxic chemicals in the Grea
Page 421 and 422:
et al., 1988; Williams et d., 1988;
Page 423 and 424:
allowing whole blood to clot and th
Page 425 and 426:
their metabolites in various tissue
Page 427 and 428:
period in samples of Canadian mothe
Page 429 and 430:
MCranger et al. (1981) compared lev
Page 431 and 432:
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are
Page 433 and 434:
1983. Department of the Environment
Page 435 and 436:
Kadis, V.W., W.E. Breitkreitz and O
Page 437 and 438:
Ryan, J.J. 1986. Report of a World
Page 440:
7. APPENDIX: DATA TABLES
Page 443 and 444:
~ Table 2.1 a Canadian and American
Page 446 and 447:
PATHWAYS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TOXIC
Page 448 and 449:
Table 2.2b Residue Levels in Drinki
Page 450:
Table 2.2~ Continued kleniu Sample
Page 453 and 454:
Table 2.30 Residue Levels in Ambien
Page 455 and 456:
Table 2.3~ Residue Levels in Ambien
Page 458 and 459:
HUMAN TISSUE DATA: ADIPOSE TISSUE
Page 460 and 461:
n n n n n 3 e e a r ( - ? ? + + 3 0
Page 462 and 463:
- Table 3.le Residue Levels in Huma
Page 464 and 465:
Table 3.lg Residue Levels in Human
Page 466 and 467:
Table 3.1 j Residue Levels in Human
Page 468 and 469:
~ Table 3.1 rn S-lo Location S.W. O
Page 470 and 471:
Table 3.lr Residue Levels in Human
Page 472:
i U 0 i V o o m o d d d d PI.... d
Page 475 and 476:
Table 3.2a Residue Levels in Human
Page 478 and 479:
HUMAN MILK DATA
Page 480 and 481:
Table 3.k Residue levels in Human M
Page 482 and 483:
Table 3.3f Residue Levels in Human
Page 484 and 485:
Table 3.39 Residue Levels in Human
Page 486 and 487:
Table 3.3j -1. Loution 1.- Residue
Page 488 and 489:
Table 3.3m Residue Levels in Human
Page 490:
Table 3.3s Residue Levels in Human
Page 493 and 494:
I Table 3.4a Residue Levels in Huma
Page 495 and 496:
Table 3.4~ Residue Levels in Human
Page 498:
Steering Committee Membership Mr. D
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